Transcript 2015 The Renaissance

The Renaissance
Rise of Europe 1450-1750
• Late Middle Ages – institutions arise the lay groundwork
for Renaissance
1) Crusades around 1100-1300 – increased contact with
Islam, though minimal territorial gain
2) Towns and Guilds grow – for example in the Holy
Roman Empire the Hanseatic League
3) Large Kings arise and are gaining power in Europe –
examples: France (Valois), England (Tudors), Spain
(Hapsburgs)
4) Early Portuguese exploration towards the Indian Ocean
Rise of Europe 1450-1750
• Renaissance (1300s-mid 1600s)
-Humanism
-Italian Renaissance vs Northern (European) Renaissance
• Reformation (early 1500s-mid 1600s)
-Rise of Protestantism
-Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, etc.
-30 Years War and its results
• Absolutism or Rise of Kings (1300s-1700s)
-Hapsburgs (Spain and HRE), Tudors (England), Bourbons (France)
-Charles V (I), Elizabeth I, Louis XIV
Rise of Europe 1450-1750
• Age of Exploration (1400s-1800s)
-Portugal and Spain (New World exploration) – Christopher Columbus
-Colonialism and Mercantilism
-Encomienda System
-Annihilation of Native American population
-Triangular Trade (Slave trade from mostly West Africa)
• Scientific Revolution and Age of
Enlightenment (1300s–1700s)
-Unit 2 (done this year)
Aim: How can we situate the European
Renaissance in World History?
Compare and contrast the Recovery of Europe and
the Recovery of Ming China after the crises of the
13th and 14th century
Europe
Military
Political
Cultural
Educational
Economic
Exploration
Gender
Ming China
Which power(s) dominated trade
routes between Europe and China?
The Timurid Empire
Timur
(Tamerlane)
• Christopher
Marlowe,
contemporary of
Shakespeare
RENAISSANCE
1300-1600 A.D.
MIDDLE
AGES
MODERN
TIMES
AIM: HOW DID THE
RENAISSANCE SERVE AS A
BRIDGE BETWEEN
MEDIEVAL AND MODERN
TIMES?
MEDIEVAL vs. RENAISSANCE ART
Can you
identify
which
picture
belongs
to which
Age?
RENAISSANCE ITALY
What were the causes of the Renaissance?
1)
2)
Revival of Learning (12th Century Renaissance)
The Crusades – Increased Contact of Europeans with Middle Eastern
Trade Routes, Goods and Ideas
3)
Expansion of Cities and Growth of Trade – Development of City
Government –Republics of Venice and Florence
4)
Rise of Bourgeoisie – Middle Class of Merchants, Traders and Artisans
- Importance of Guilds
6)
Rise of Capitalism - led to
7)
The Commercial Revolution – New Ways of Doing Business – Rise of
the Corporation – Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies
8)
Rise of Banking – Bills of Exchange (easier and safer than carrying gold)
9)
The Black Death – Decline of Serfdom – Rise of Urban Population
10) Fall of Constantinople – More Byzantine/Greek Scholars came to Italy
with Classical and Ecclesiastical Greek Manuscripts
11) Invention of Printing – Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, William
Caxton in England, Aldus Manutius in Italy
• What were the Characteristics of the Renaissance?
1) Humanism
2) Individualism
3) Technique – Perspective – New Way of
Objects and World being
Viewed (P.O.V. – Get It?)
and
4) Secularism
(The Burckhardt Thesis - Civilization of the
Renaissance in Italy)
PATRONS OF THE ARTS
• The Medici family
gained their wealth
from banking. Their
business expanded to
include wool
manufacturing and
mining.
• Four Popes came
from the Medici
Family: Leo X, Clement
VII, Pius IV, and Leon XI
Lorenzo de Medici
Image wikipedia
Walters Art Gallery Exhibit
Africa and Africans in the European Renaissance
• Alessandro de Medici, 15101537, ruled Florence
Giulia de Medici,
his daughter
http://www.ultimatehistoryproject.com/africans-in-the-renaissance.html
• Adoration of the Magi,
workshop of Gerard David
African Dressmaker, 1580s
• St. Benedict of Palermo,
1524-1589
Albrecht Durer, Portrait of
Catharina, 1521
http://afroeurope.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-man-and-woman-in-16th-century.html
“The short film Peripeteia (2012), which is part of the exhibition, also takes as its
starting point two drawings by the sixteenth century artist Albrecht Dürer. The
portraits - one of a bearded black male, the other of a black woman wearing a close
fitting bonnet - are among the earliest Western representations of black people, their
existence now "lost to the winds of history".
Portrait of an African Man
by Jan Mostaert (ca.
1520-1530) Source:
Rijksmuseum
Amsterdam
.
“The Three Mulattoes of
Esmereldas” (1599)
Chafariz d’el Rey in the Alfama District, The Berardo Collection, Lisbon
HUMANISM
• This intellectual
movement
stressed the
abilities of the
individual man.
Humanists studied
classical Greek
and Roman poetry
and history.
Guess
where our
names came
from?
LEONARDO DA VINCI
• Leonardo da Vinci was
known as a
Renaissance Man
because he was multitalented.
• Leonardo’s interests
included painting,
botany, anatomy,
music, architecture and
engineering.
https://metropolitanmuseum.org/toah/hd/leon/hd_leon.htm
MICHAELANGELO
• “My stomach is
thrust toward my
chin. My beard curls
up toward the sky.
My head leans right
over onto my back.
The brush endlessly
dripping onto my
face.”
DAVID
David was sculpted by
Michaelangelo between
1501 and 1504.
How do you see evidence
of classical Greece and Rome
in this work of art?
RAPHAEL
Raphael painted the
School of Athens for
Pope Julius II. When
Raphael died in Rome
on his 37th birthday,
the whole city
mourned. His funeral
mass was celebrated
at the Vatican.
SCHOOL OF ATHENS
http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/r/raphael/4stanze/1segnatu/1/athens.html
Google images
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI
Is it better to be loved or
feared?
• Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than
feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should
wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one
person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two,
either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in
general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly,
covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they
will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said
above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they
turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their
promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because
friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by greatness or
nobility of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured,
and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less
scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for
love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the
baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage;
but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails.
Fordham.edu
“He must endeavour only to avoid hated”
–N.Machiavelli
• Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he
does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very
well being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as long
as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and
from their women. But when it is necessary for him to proceed
against the life of someone, he must do it on proper justification and
for manifest cause, but above all things he must keep his hands off
the property of others, because men more quickly forget the death of
their father than the loss of their patrimony. Besides, pretexts for
taking away the property are never wanting; for he who has once
begun to live by robbery will always find pretexts for seizing what
belongs to others; but reasons for taking life, on the contrary, are
more difficult to find and sooner lapse. But when a prince is with his
army, and has under control a multitude of soldiers, then it is quite
necessary for him to disregard the reputation of cruelty, for without it
he would never hold his army united or disposed to its duties.
Fordham.edu
Aim: How did the Renaissance
Spread to Northern Europe?
Italian Renaissance vs Northern Renaissance
•
•
•
•
•
Italian
(early 1300s-1600s)
Trade routes bring about
Secular Humanism
Writers: Petrarch, Machiavelli,
etc.
• Art and Architecture:
Brunilleschi, Da Vinci,
Michelangelo, etc.
•
•
•
•
•
Northern (European)
(early 1400s-1700s)
Trade routes bring about
Christian Humanism
Writers: Erasmus,
Shakespeare, Cervantes, etc.
• Art and Architecture: El Greco,
Rembrandt, Vermeer, etc.
THE ELIZABETHAN AGE
(1558-1603)
“To the most high,
mighty, and magnificent
Empress, renowned for
piety, virtue, and all
gracious government,
Elizabeth.”
-Edmund Spenser (Poet)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
“What a piece of work
is a man, how noble in
reason…how like a
god!”
-William Shakespeare
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/merchant/shakespeare.html
JOHANN GUTENBERG
1400-1468 CE
The Gutenberg Bible
A copy of the Gutenberg Bible owned by the U.S. Library of Congress
• http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/p
ermanent/gutenberg/html/4.html
Image wikipedia
Effects of printing
•
•
•
•
Vast increase in literacy.
Rapid dissemination of ideas.
Standardization of spelling.
Stimulus toward accuracy, since works were now more likely to
be read by others as knowledgeable in a subject as the author.
• Change in our concept of "fact"
– Before printing, documents were suspect as too easily forged.
Eyewitnesses and personal testimony were considered more
reliable.
– Printing made documents more authoritative than personal
testimony. Hard to fake printed documents.
– Before printing, people relied on memory to store facts.
– Printing changed the concept of "fact" to "printed fact"; "show me in
black and white."
http://www.uwgb.edu/DutchS/WestTech/inforevs.htm
The Use of New Technology in Renaissance Scholarship
and Christian Piety - Alcala de Henares, Spain
• Alcala Polyglot BibleIn Hebrew, Aramaic,
Greek and Latin