Transcript BIOMOLECULES

BIOMOLECULES
The chemicals of life
TERMINOLOGY
 MONOMER
– A single or simple piece
– EX: glucose
 POLYMER
– Many pieces put together
– EX: starch
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
 Putting monomers together to form
polymers using chemical bonds.
 Involves the loss of a water molecule.
 Dehydration = loss of water
 Synthesis = put together
HYDROLYSIS
 Breaking apart polymers by adding a water
molecule.
 Hydro = water
 Lysis = split
CARBOHYDRATES
 Sugars and starches
 “saccharides”
– Three types:
 Monosaccharides
 Disaccharides
 Polysaccharides
MONOSACCHARIDES
 Mono = single
 Saccharide = sugar
 GLUCOSE
– Base unit for starch, cellulose and glycogen
– C6H12O6
– Blood sugar
MONOSACCHARIDES
 GALACTOSE
– Sugar found in milk
 FRUCTOSE
– Sugar found in honey
DISACCHARIDES
 Double sugar
 Two monosaccharides bonded together
 C12H22O11
sucrose
DISACCHARIDES
 SUCROSE
– Glucose + Fructose
– Table sugar
 LACTOSE
– Glucose + Galactose
– Milk sugar
 MALTOSE
– Glucose + glucose
– Sugar in beer
POLYSACCHARIDES
 Poly = many
 Many simple sugars chemically bonded
together
 STARCH
– Long strands of glucose
– Storage molecule for plants
– EX: Potatoes
POLYSACCHARIDES
 GLYCOGEN
– Strands of glucose
 Shorter than starch
– Storage molecule for animals
 CELLULOSE
– Long strands of glucose
– Found in wood, paper and cotton
– Found in the cell walls of plants
POLYSACCHARIDES
PROTEINS
 Long strands of amino acids
– Approximately 20 different amino acids
 Amino acids are joined by dehydration
synthesis (water loss) to form peptide bonds
 POLYPEPTIDE = chain of amino acids =
protein
 PROTEIN = many polypeptides
LIPIDS
 Fats
 Hydrophobic
 Fats and oils are composed of two kinds of
molecules
– Glycerol
– Fatty acids
– 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids = Triglyceride
LIPIDS
 SATURATED FATS
– From animal sources
– All single bonds in tail
– Solid at room temperature
 UNSATURATED FATS
–
–
–
–
–
Oils
From vegetable or plant sources
Carbon double-bonded in tail, kinked
Fewer H in tail
Liquid at room temperature
NUCLEIC ACIDS
 DNA
– Genetic material of organism
– “Blueprint”
– Found in cell nuclei
 RNA
– Functions in protein production
DNA
NUCLEIC ACIDS
 MONOMER = nucleotides
 Nucleotide = phosphate + 5-carbon sugar +
nitrogen base
 DNA 5-carbon sugar = deoxyribose
 RNA 5-carbon sugar = ribose
METABOLISM
 The sum of all chemical reactions in an
organism
 CATABOLISM
– Breaking down complex molecules into smaller
ones.
 ANABOLISM
– Building more complex molecules from smaller.
ENZYMES





Usually end with –ase
Protein
Lock and key mechanism
Each enzyme fits with a specific substrate
Name usually corresponds with molecule
that it breaks apart.
SPECIFIC ENZYMES
 SALIVARY AMYLASE
– In saliva
– Breaks down starch chemically in the mouth
 PROTEASE
– Breaks down protein in the stomach
 SUCRASE
– Breaks down sucrose
 LIPASE
– Breaks down fat in the small intestine
EMULSIFICATION
 Break down of larger fat molecules into
smaller particles.
 EX: Dish soap emulsifies fats