Transcript the Reformation

the Reformation
Essential Question: “How are cultures diffused and
to what extent can the outcomes of cultural diffusion
be evaluated?”
Setting the Stage..
The rise of Christian Humanism, an interpretation
of christianity inspired by Renaissance ideals, led
to a new questioning of the Catholic Church.
The Reformation - the protestant break from the
Catholic church - is another example of the impact
of cultural diffusion on history.
The Reformation
On October 31, 1517, Martin
Luther, a Catholic monk, posted
his criticism of the Catholic church
on door of the castle church in
Wittenberg. He openly criticized
the church from within, as well as,
provide new teachings to reform
the Christian Church.
The Reformation
By 1580, five prominent
Protestant sects had developed
from Luther’s initial criticisms, the
Catholic Church had reformed
their church, and Europe began a
long struggle pitting Catholics
against Protestants for the next
two hundred years.
Essential Questions
1. What were the causes of the Reformation?
2. How and why did it spread?
3. What were the effects of the Reformation?
4. How is the Reformation an example of cultural
diffusion that impacted society?
The Protestant
Reformation
Do Now: Come up with
two questions you have
about the reformation
after reading yesterday
Causes of The Reformation
1. Abuses of the Catholic Church
2. Renaissance Ideas
3. Political climate
4. Technological Innovations
Abuses of The Catholic
Church
Uneducated priests with illegitimate kids
Church focused on “worldly” matters and finances
•
Ex. Patrons of arts and architecture, Built St. Peter's
Basilica
Renaissance popes concerned with Italian politics
•
Leaders of Papal States, Julius II-“Warrior-Popes”
Catholic Church Abuses
Church leaders need for money led to increasing
corruption
Simony - selling church offices
Pluralism - one person holding multiple offices
Absenteeism - church officials ignored duties
Indulgences - selling “get out of hell free” card
Stop and Summarize!
•
Take a moment to summarize the abuses of the
Catholic Church in your notes. Write one to two
sentences that sum up what we have just
discussed! After your sentences include a cartoon
that will help you remember the information. When
you are finished, turn to one of your neighbors and
share your summary and doodle.
Renaissance Influence
Better educated, critical, urban populace
Renaissance monarchs impatient with
church power
Christian Humanism and focus on inward
spirituality
Translation of works from latin to
vernacular (common language i.e English,
Italian, Dutch etc.. )
Stop and Summarize!
•
In one to two sentences, summarize how the
Renaissance influenced the Reformation. After
summarizing, create a graphic organizer (chart)
showing how these elements of the Renaissance
influenced the Reformation
\
Political Climate: Henry VIII
King of England
Henry VIII - needs an heir to
create political stability
He is married to Catherine of
Aragon, the aunt of the Holy
Roman Emperor, who cannot
have more children (they have
one girl)
Needs an annulment to re-marry
and have a boy, but the pope will
not grant one
Political Climate: Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V - Young,
insecure and attempting
to govern huge
decentralized area
Faced attacks from
outside - France and
Turks
Circumstances within
HRE favor Luther
Holy Roman Empire
Stop and Summarize!
•
Take a minute to summarize the political climate of the
time in one to two sentences. After you summarize,
come up with a characteristic you use to summarize
each political leader that will help you remember the
information!
Technological Innovation
1450 - Invention of Movable
Type by Johann Guttenburg
Cheaper and faster to make
paper documents - for
indulgences, anti catholic
works, bibles
Led to the quicker spread of
ideas - such as questioning
the church
Stop and Summarize!
•
Summarize why technology was important to the spread
of the Renaissance in two sentences. Now make a 4
line poem about the impact of Guttenburg and the
printing press.
Early Calls for Reform
•
Early 1400‘s -John Wycliffe of England and John
Huss of Bohemia
•
•
Importance of the Bible over church leaders and
against worldly popes
1490’s- Girolamo Savonarola
•
Called for people of Florence to burn worldly
possessions --> one year later, he was killed for
heresy
1500’s - Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More
Huss
Erasmus
More
Wycliffe
Savonarola
Who is Martin Luther?
Martin Luther was a monk from
Germany troubled with church
abuses and the sale of indulgences
Friar Tetzel - selling indulgences in
Luther’s town of Wittenberg in 1517
Luther wrote the 95 theses - posted
on the door of the castle church in
Wittenberg on October 31, 1517
These listed Luther’s complaints
and drew him into a heated debate
Luther’s Beliefs
“Sola Fidei” (Salvation by Faith Alone)
good works and sacraments not needed only faith to get to heaven.
“Sola Scriptura” (Authority of the Scriptures
Alone) - Bible is only authority, not the pope.
The Priesthood of All Believers
All people equal to interpret bible
The Reluctant Revolutionary
Luther Continues to fight...
As Luther’s 95 Theses spread, Pope Leo X
excommunicates Luther
Diet of Worms (1521) - Charles V put Luther on trial
for beliefs
Edict of Worms (1521) - Luther declared an outlaw
But, Luther has developed followers throughout the
HRE (Germany)
Various German princes protect him as his ideas
continue to spread
Peace of Augsburg
After years of war with the German princes who follow
Luther, Charles V is forced to come to an agreement for
peace.
Peace of Augsburg (1555) - the ruler of each German
state determined the religion (Protestant or Catholic) of his
state
This leads to further division of Germany between
Catholics and Protestants
The Reformation...After Luther
Throughout Luther’s years in hiding in Germany, he
continues to write influential attacks against the Catholic
Church
Others begin to read these works or hear about Luther’s
successes and are inspired to break from the church for
their own reasons.
In addition, some Catholics, instead of being pulled away
from the church, renew their interest and devotion to their
faith.
New Sects Spread
The Effects of the
Reformation
Catholic Reformation
•
Ignatius of Loyola -> Started the Jesuits
•
•
Goals: Education, spread Catholicism, stop Protestantism
Pope Paul III (1534-1549)
•
1. Investigated abuses
•
2. Approved Jesuits
•
3. Inquisition
•
4. Called for Council of Trent
The Inquisition - a Catholic judicial system
designed to prosecute heretics
Council of Trent
•
1545-1563 - when church officials agreed on
reforms/doctrines
•
1. Church interpretation of bible was final
•
2. Faith and good works for salvation
•
3. Bible and Church tradition equally important
•
4. Indulgences were valid but false selling was banned
Council of Trent
•
Index of Forbidden books
•
10,000 books burned in one
day in Venice a
The six wives of Henry VIII
1. Catherine of Aragon - Divorced - Child: Mary
2. Anne Bolyen - Beheaded - Child: Elizabeth
3. Jane Seymour - Died - Child: Edward VI
4.Anne of Cleves - Divorced - Child: None
5. Catherine Howard - Beheaded - Child: None
6.Catherine Parr - Survived (Henry died first) Child:None
England During and After Henry VIII
•
Religious turmoil during reign of Edward VI
(Protestant) and Mary I (Catholic)
•
Elizabeth I inherited throne in 1558
•
Re-established Anglican church
•
Compromised between Catholics and Protestants
Long Live the Queen!
Spanish Armada
•
•
Philip II of Spain to attack England on July 29,
1558
Spanish Armada - 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, 19,000
soldiers
•
England defeated Spain
•
“Protestant winds”
Effects of the Reformation
France
St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
French calvinists called Huguenots were killed
for their beliefs
Edict of Nantes
Huguenots were granted rights by Henry IV
Legacy of The Reformation:
Big ideas
1. Religion no longer united Europe
2. Growth of monarchs and modern nation states over the
Church
3. Groundwork for the rejection of Christian beliefs and
continued questioning of the world around us
Connecting to Essential
Questions
Where did the Reformation spread?
How did the Reformation spread?
Why did the Reformation spread?
Impact?