Transcript Improving the Human Condition Through Advancements in Science

Improving Our Quality of Life
Through Advancements in Science
World Food Prize International Symposium
13 October 2005
Robb Fraley
Executive Vice President
and Chief Technology Officer
Monsanto Company
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Solving Human Challenges Through Science
Lack of reliable food source, malnutrition
Limited arable land
Soil degradation
Insufficient fresh water
Protecting Biodiversity
“To feed the eight billion people expected by 2025, the world
will have to double food production…”
CSIS - Seven Revolutions
2
Continuously Improving the Quantity and Quality of
Food Production Through Science
10000 BC
1800’s
Fermentation & Mendel’s Pea,
Leavening
Darwin’s Species,
Pasteur’s
Microbes
1900-1950
1950-1980
Antibiotics,
DNA,
Pasteurization, Human Nutrition,
Preservation,
Fortification,
Crop Breeding Green Revolution
1980 – 2000
Gene
Sequencing,
Biotech Crops,
Human Insulin
Building on centuries of science,
biotechnology is a collection of tools used to
improve and enhance plants, animals, and
microorganisms for the benefit of society.
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* Photo credit: AAAS, ARS, Nature
2001
Human Genome,
Plant Genome,
Animal Genome
Creating Positive Economic Impact with
Increasing Speed
Estimated world per capita GDP in constant 1990 dollars
GDP
Biotech Age
25 years
20000
Information Age
50 years
15000
10000
5000
Industrial Age
350 years
Genome
Agrarian Age
7000 years
Microprocessor
Electricity
Steam
6000 BC
4
1600
1700
1800
1900
Source: J. Bradford De Long, Estimating World GDP, One Million B.C.-Present
2000
2025
Biotechnology Continues To Advance
With Applications In…

Ag Productivity

Food and Nutrition

Pharmaceuticals

Industrial
Processes

Bioremediation

Bio-Fuels

Personal Care
Advancements are Important in Both Developing
Countries and Developed Countries Around the World
5
*: Courtesy of DOE Human Genome Project
10 Years of Plant Biotechnology
400
350
canola
cotton
corn
soy
2004
2003
2010F
30 years of R&D efforts
0
2002
Promising future
benefits from new
products
2001
–
50
2000
Solid record of safety
100
1999
–
150
2005F

Proven economic and
environmental benefits
200
1998
–
250
1997
10 years of commercial
experience on over 1
billion acres:
1996

M. Ac.
300
Source: ISAAA (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech
Applications) & Monsanto estimates
6
17 Countries Planted Biotech Crops in 2004
– Benefits Drive Adoption
Canada
Spain
Germany
Romania
India
250k A (13)
<125k A (17)
250k A (11)
1.3k A (7)
China
Corn
Corn
Soybean
Cotton
9.1M A (5)
13M A (3)
Canola,
Corn, Soybean
The Global Economic and Environmental Impact
USA
118M A (1)
Soybean, Corn,
Cotton, Canola
Pesticide Reduction


Mexico
250k A (12)
Cotton,
Soybean
Honduras
<125k A (16)
Corn
The first Nine Years 1996-2004
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction




Philippines
250k A (14)
Corn
Australia
500k A (10)
Reduced >10B Kg Carbon Dioxide Emission
Equivalent to removing 5 M cars from the road for a year
Cotton
Brazil
Economic Return
$6.5B increase in farm income in 2004
$27B cumulative net economic benefits at the farm level
12.3M A (4)
Soybean
Colombia
Argentina
Uruguay
Paraguay
South Africa
<125k A (15)
40M A (2)
Soybean,
Corn, Cotton
740k A (9)
Soybean,
Corn
3M A (6)
1.25M A (8)
Soybean
Cotton, Soy
Cotton
7
172M Kg (379M lbs) less pesticide use, 6% reduction
Overall Environmental Footprint reduced by 14%
Cotton
Source: James, C. ISAAA, 2004; Brookes, G. 2005 www.agbioforum.org
Biotech Crops Bring Benefits to
Agriculture, Growers and the Environment
Insect resistant crops:

Reduces insecticide use

Reduces herbicide use

Protects farmer health

Protects farmer health

Benefits environment

Benefits environment
Control Crop
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Herbicide resistant crops:
Biotech Crop
Control Crop
Biotech Crop
Most Farmers Growing Biotech Crops
are in in Developing Countries
8.25M farmers in 17
countries grew biotech crops
More than 3/4 of them
are resource-poor farmers
in developing countries
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Bt Cotton: Delivering Economic and
Health Benefits to Indian Farmers
India: Cotton = 30% Agriculture GDP

Bt cotton in 2004 helped
farmers in India to earn
US $172M additional
income

Additional $1.33B in
economic impact
through cotton industry

Overall cotton
production is up by 384M
Kg of seed cotton or
134M Kg of lint

Bt cotton reduced
pesticide loading worth
US$29 million
+58% (+294kg/Ac)
yield increase
+163% (+ $132/Ac)
net return
-50%(-$22.3/Ac)
pesticide reduction
Results of 2004 season
2004 Season
Conventional
Cotton
Bt
Cotton
(1quintal = 100kg; 1 bale = 170kg)
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Source: IMRB International, 2005 AC Nielsen - ORG Center for Social Research, 2004
Bt Maize: Delivering Yield Advantage and
Economic Return to Philippine Farmers




>15,000 farmers growing Bt
maize in the Philippines
Yield advantage: ~30%
Production cost reduction
~20%
Income increased by 20% for
farmers planting Bt maize
Yield Comparison
Conventional Bt Corn
11
35%
Conventional
7.7 T/Ha
8.0 T/Ha
6.3 T/Ha
27%
Hybrid 2
5.7 T/Ha
Hybrid 1
Bt Corn
Conventional Corn
Bt Corn
Public-Private Partnerships for
Developing Countries
Cassava
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
Enabling Technologies (Global)

Virus resistant Cassava (Africa)

Bt Cowpea (Africa)

“Golden Rice” (Global)

Rice genome sequence data (Global)

Delayed ripening papaya (SE Asia)

Virus resistant papaya (SE Asia)

Virus resistant potato (Mexico)

Insect resistant potato (Russia)

Virus resistant sweet potato (Kenya)
Cowpea
Papaya
Control
Transgenic
Potato
Control
Transgenic
Monsanto: Focusing Agricultural Research
Around Four Major Areas
Yield & Stress
Feed & Processing
Animal productivity (e.g. amino acids)
Food
Human nutrition (e.g healthier oils)
Agronomic Traits
Insect, Weed and Disease Control
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™
Low Linolenic Soy : Reducing
Trans Fats for Human Health
Crop
Molecular
Genome Markers
Crop
Breeding
Food Quality
Traits
Yield
Drought
Disease
Improved
Improved
Foods
Foods
Flavour
Nutrients
Oil
Protein
Carbohydrate
Metabolism


Reduce/eliminate trans fats with
increased oil stability, requiring
less hydrogenation
Achieve yield parity and stack
with standard soybean

Reduce linolenic acid to <3%

Future developments will
increase oleic and reduce
saturates
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Standard
Soybean
Low Lin
Mid Oleic +
Low Lin
Zero Sat +
MO + LL
Sats
Oleic
Linoleic
Linolenic
18:0 / 16:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
Omega-3 Oilseed: Increasing Omega 3
for Heart Health
Build on demand: AHA, USDA/DHHS and
FDA all have recognized the importance of
omega-3s for heart health

Enrich vegetable oils with bio-available
Omega-3
 Promote heart health with Omega-3
 Enhance stability of SDA as an Omega-3
200
CHD Mortality

Population Coronary Heart Disease Mortality
and Tissue Omega-3 Fatty Acid Content
USA
150
Quebec
100
Quebec Cree
Spain
Quebec Inuit
50
Japan
Greenland
0
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
Omega-3 (% of all long-chain PUFA)
Source: W Lands, Lipids 2003: 38:317
Omega levels in U.S. Field Trials
100
New Bio available
Omega-3
80
Other Polyunsaturates
60
40
Mono-unsaturates
20
Saturates
0
Control
Oilseed
15
30
Biotech
Oilseed
Fatty Acid Wt (%)
Fatty Acid (wt%)
Dietary Omega-3
in Biotech Oil seed
20
target
10
0
Event 1 Event 2 Event 3 Event 4 Event 5 Event 6 Event 7
Biotech Plants in Development Meet or Exceed 20% Target
*AHA: American Heart Association; DHHS: Dept. Health and Human Services
Current Sources of Dietary Omega-3
Vegetable Oil
canola, soy & flax
ALA a-linolenic acid
18:3 n-3
Pro-inflammatory
w6
18:2
linoleic acid
LA
18:3
g-linolenic acid
GLA
20:3
dihomo-g-linolenic acid
DGLA
Fish Oil
EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
20:5 n-3
DHA docosahexaenoic acid
22:6 n-3
Anti-inflammatory
w3

82% Fish oil

58% Omega-3

55% interest in trying
fortified foods
18:3
a-linolenic acid
ALA
Rate limiting
18:4 step
Stearidonic Acid
SDA
SDA Benefits

In humans,* SDA is
converted to EPA ~5X
more efficiently than ALA
20:4
eicosatetraenoic
acid

In foods, SDA has greater
oxidative stability than
EPA or DHA
20:4
20:5
arachidonic
acid
acid
Source: Sloan Trends & Solutions, Inc.,eicosapentaenoic
2003
ARA
EPA
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Omega-3 Consumer
Awareness
* Dr. Mick James, Royal Adelaide Hospital
Enhancing Essential Amino Acids
to Add Nutritional Value
High Lysine Corn
Free lysine level (ppm)
 Amino acid enhancements add human nutritional
value for developing countries
 Enhance level of limiting essential amino acids and
corn oil content
 Improve amino acid balance and total energy
4000
Minimum
Target
3000
2000
1000
0
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2nd Generation
5000
1st Generation
Minimum
Target
Control South Am. US Result
Result
Control Event 1
Event 2
Improving Nitrogen Uptake to Increase
Corn Yield
Yield Across All Acres and/or Reduced Inputs
Screening Under Limiting and
Sufficient Nitrogen

10% yield increase over
elite varieties at time of
launch

Equivalent yield with 50%
less nitrogen fertilizer
Greenhouse
Product Concept
Limiting N
Sufficient N

Produce greater output
per unit input

Manage yield variability

Potential to reduce
fertilizer

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Environmental benefits
from reduced fertilizer
run-off
Field
Benefits
Enhanced
nitrogen uptake
and utilization as
demonstrated by
increased:
Biomass
Greenness
Key metabolites
Yield
Water…One of the Most Limiting
Resources in Our World
1995
2025
Developing
Countries
0
Developed Countries
million mt
-100
Household
8%
-200
-300
-400
-500
Irrigation
Industrial
5% Base
Livestock
Case
2%
Household
13%
Irrigation
62%
Water Crisis
Sustainable
Water
Use
Industrial
22%
Livestock
Loss of Grain Production Due to Water Scarcity in Developing
Countries
3%
By 2025, Developing
Water
Consumption
Countries will have about
Shares
by deficits
300 Million
MT grain
Sector(1995)
due
to water scarcity
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Source: International Food Policy Research Institute
Helping Solve Water Usage Challenges
Through Biotech Solutions
Drought Tolerance Objective

Yield Protection on all acres
to protect against drought
stress

Yield enhancement on all
acres through improved
water use efficiency

Cost savings on irrigated
acres through reduced
water use

Improved economics and
environmental sustainability
Arabidopsis
Control
Rice
Control
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With Gene
With Gene
New Genes Provide Drought Tolerance
Drought Tolerance Corn
Without Gene
With Gene
Reduced
Leaf Rolling
Without Gene
Reduced
Leaf Temperature
40
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With Gene
34 32oC
Drought Tolerant Corn for Every Farmer
10+ % (8+ bu/A) yield benefit stackable with best elite
germplasm and biotech agronomic traits
Consistent
Drought
Stress
(western US
dryland)
Market
KS, NE, TX, CO, SD
Segment
Potential
US Acreage
10-13 M corn
+ 5 M non-corn
Opportunity to
utilize in
other crops
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Reduced
Irrigation
Costs
Drought
“Insurance”
Broad Acre
Water Use
Efficiency
KS, NE, TX, CO
Central ,
E and S. corn belt
All corn acres
12 M
Water usage
down
and pumping
prices
increasing
30-50 M
More
reliable
yields
70- 80 M
Most corn
experiences
low water
that
limits yield
Imagining the Benefits of Drought Tolerance
For the Developing Country Farmer
We are developing a plan to
ensure humanitarian access
to drought tolerance trait
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
White maize is the single largest
subsistence food crop in Africa
& subject to repeated drought
caused famines

Offer broad humanitarian access
to any drought tolerant maize
that we develop for food security
in Africa

Continue to explore
humanitarian access and
development partnership
concepts for other crops for
Africa
Improving Food Quality and Production
for Our World’s Farmers and Consumers

Biotech crops have been planted for a decade with successful,
safe and beneficial use in countries that account for more than
half of the world’s population.

The tools of biotechnology continue to improve the quality of
our food and our lives.
Greater
Benefits
More and Better
Foods
New
Traits
Current
Food
Production
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Global
Food
Production