Transcript Macromolecules

Macromolecules
Organic VS Inorganic
Organic compounds contain carbon and
found in living things
 Exceptions: hydrogencarbonates
(bicarbonate HCO3-, carbonates
(CO32−)and oxides of carbon (CO or
CO2)

Monomer

Sub units that are strung together to
create larger molecules
Polymer

Large molecule made up of multiple
monomers
Think Pair Share
What would be an analogy you could
make to explain the relationship
between monomers and polymers?
Dehydration Synthesis
Reaction that links together monomers
 Removes a –H from one monomer and
a –OH from the other monomer
 Forms a water molecule H2O
 Requires energy to build molecules
Example: Your liver links glucoses
together to form a stable storage
molecule called glycogen (aka animal
starch)

Dehydration Synthesis Sucrose
X
Hydrolysis
Breaks down polymers
 Breaks a bond between monomers
 Uses water to add an –H to one
monomer and an –OH to the other
 Releases energy
 Example – salivary amylase breaks
starch into disaccharide sugar in your
mouth while you chew

Hydrolysis of Sucrose
x
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Carbohydrates/Sucrose
Think Pair Share
Compare and contrast Hydrolysis and
Condensation synthesis.
Carbohydrates
Elements: C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio
 Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple
sugars - glucose)
 Polymers:
Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides
(complex sugars - sucrose)
Polysaccharide – many monosaccharides
(starch, cellulose)
 Names end in -ose

Monosaccharides

Use: quick energy

Foods: fruits (Fructose),
candy (glucose), milk (Galactose)
Produced: process of photosynthesis in
the organelle chloroplast
 Your brain runs on glucose!

Simple sugar foods
Disaccharides
Use: quick energy
 Foods: Table sugar (sucrose)

Malt sugar (maltose - forms from breakdown
of starches including grains)
Milk sugar (lactose – think lactose intolerant)

Produced by plants storing products of
photosynthesis process carried out in
the organelle the chloroplast – think
maple syrup
Complex sugar foods
Polysaccharides

Uses: quick energy, (but more stable to store
than glucose) and structure (cell walls of plants
made of cellulose)

Foods: Potatoes , bread, pasta (starch), Bran
Fiber (cellulose indigestible for humans)

Produced by liver from excess blood sugar and
made by plants into cell walls from glucose
made during photosynthesis by the chloroplast
Starchy foods
Construct a Carbohydrate
With a partner use marshmallows and
toothpicks to construct the following
molecules:
1. Monosaccharide
2. Disaccharide
3. Polysaccharide (4 glucoses long)
Lipids (Oils, Fats, Waxes)

Elements: C,H,O but NOT in 1:2:1 ratio

Monomers: Glycerol and Fatty Acid
Chains

Polymers: Triglycerides made from1
glycerol plus 3 fatty acid chains
Constructing a Triglyceride
x
Lipids

Uses: Long term energy storage, cell
membranes (cholesterol and phospholipids),

Foods: olive oil, avocados, butter, lard,
beeswax

Produced by process of dehydration
synthesis in the organelle smooth E-R
 Your body uses it for chemical messengers
(steroids), insulation and padding your
organs
Oils VS Fats

Oils are liquid and fats are solid at room
temp

Oils are stored in seeds of plants

Fats are stored under skin or around
organs of animals
Think Pair Share
What types of foods would you eat to
avoid a high fat diet?
Fatty foods
Saturated VS Unsaturated Fats
Unsaturated
fats have
one or more
double
bonds
between
carbons so
they do not
have all the
possible
hydrogens
Constructing a Lipid
With a partner use orange slices,
licorice and toothpicks to construct
a triglyceride molecule
Proteins

Elements: C, H, O, N

Monomer: Amino Acids (20 different)

Polymer: Polypeptides that are folded
into proteins
Amino Acid Structure
x
20 different
amino acids
x
Proteins

Uses: Structure of body tissues muscles, bones, blood, hair, skin - most
of your body

Foods: Egg whites, meat, fish, beans

Produced by process of protein
synthesis in the organelle ribosome
(made from recipe in DNA)
Folding a Protein
x
A – amino acid
sequence -1st level
B/C – amino acids are
twisted or folded – 2nd
level
D – the twisted chain
is folded – 3rd level
E – multiple chains
are arranged together
– 4th level (hemoglobin)
Think Pair Share
What is the difference between a
polypeptide and a protein?
High Protein Foods
Construct a Protein
With a partner use Fruit Loops and string
to construct a polypeptide chain 20
amino acids long.
Then fold up your chain to create a
protein.
Nucleic Acids

Elements: C,H,O,N,P

Monomers: Nucleotides

Nucleotides are made of a phosphate
group a sugar (deoxyribose DNA or
ribose RNA) and a Nitrogen Base

Polymers: DNA, RNA
Nucleotide Structure
x
Nucleic Acids
Uses:
DNA carry genetic information and
recipes to make proteins
RNA make proteins and make up
ribosomes


Produced by process of DNA replication
in nucleus from existing DNA
x
DNA to Protein
x