Transcript Prentice Hall Biology - local.brookings.k12.sd.us

Interest Grabber
Section 9-1
Feel the Burn
Do you like to run, bike, or swim? These all are good ways to exercise.
When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose,
a six-carbon sugar.
1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow
run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run?
2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes
in how you feel?
3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you
keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.
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Section:
Interest Grabber
Section 9-1
Feel the Burn
1. How does your body feel at the start of
exercise, such as a long, slow
run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10
minutes into the run?
Students may answer that they feel no fatigue
at the start of a run; however,
after 1 minute and more so after 10 minutes,
they are breathing hard, their
heart rate has increased significantly, and their
muscles may hurt.
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Section:
Interest Grabber
Section 9-1
Feel the Burn
2. What do you think is happening in your
cells to cause the changes
in how you feel?
Students may say that the increase
in heart rate and breathing rate are a
response that gets extra oxygen to the
cells. The pain may be attributed to
the cells becoming fatigued.
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Section:
Interest Grabber
Section 9-1
Feel the Burn
3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100
meters. Could you
keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain
your answer.
Students may know that very high levels of
performance can be sustained
only very briefly even among the best of athletes.
Students may say that the
body runs out of readily available energy, food, or
oxygen, or that the body
builds up too many waste products in the cells.
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Section:
Section Outline
Section 9-1
9–1 Chemical Pathways
A. Chemical Energy and Food
B. Overview of Cellular Respiration
C. Glycolysis
1.ATP Production
2.NADH Production
D. Fermentation
1.Alcoholic Fermentation
2.Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Section:
Each of our bodies has a different way to let us
know when we are hungry. Food serves as a
source of raw materials from which
our bodies form new cells.
__________________________.
3811 calories of
1 gram of sugar releases _______
heat energy.
A calorie is the amount of energy needed to
1 gram of water
raise the temperature of ______________
___________________.
1 degree Celsius.
When we consume food, our bodies breakdown
food__________________________________.
to release energy and build new cells
The breakdown of food begins with the process
glycolysis
called _______________________.
Video 2
Glycolysis
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video Chapter 9B.mpg
Glycolysis comes from the
Greek word glukus meaning
“sweet” and the Latin
____________
word lysis means
“dissolving or decomposing”
______________________.
1st step of glycolysis
•2 ATPS are needed to activate glucose.
2nd step Splitting of
Glucose
•Glucose is split into 2 3-carbon
compounds.
See animation of glycolysis
3rd Step of Glycolysis
– Energy Generation
• 2 NAD+ are reduced. At the same time, a
phosphate group is added to each 3 carbon
molecule.
•2 ATPs replace those required for activation.
•A net of 2 ATPs per glucose are produced in
glycolysis.
Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule
of glucose is broken in half producing two
pyruvic acid / pyruvate
molecules of ______________________.
Produces 4 ATP molecules.
Glycolysis
2 ATP molecules were used
in producing the 4 ATP
molecules
Net gain of 2 ATP overall
• GLYCOLYSIS
• Happens in ______________
CYTOPLASM of cell
• Four electrons are passed to an electron
carrier called _______________
NAD+
• NAD+ accepts electrons to make
__________
NADH
NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine
• _______
dinucleotide.
HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS
require a special carrier, too
•
•
•
•
____________
NAD+
is one
of the carriers that
cells use to transport
high energy
electrons.
+
________
+
_____
NAD
2 e + _____
H+
→
____________
NAD+
_______=
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Section 9-1
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH
Pyruvic
acid
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
Electrons
carried in
NADH and
FADH2
Electron
Transport
Chain
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
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Section:
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron
transport chain
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Section:
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron
transport chain
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Section:
Figure 9–3 Glycolysis
Section 9-1
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron
transport chain
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Section:
it is needed in
•NADH holds the electron until ___________________
______________________.
following events
small
• The energy yield from glycolysis is __________.
•The process is so fast that cells can produce
just a few milliseconds
thousands of ATP molecules in __________________.
not require oxygen
•Besides speed, glycolysis does _________________.
•Without NAD+, the cell cannot keep glycolysis going,
ATP production stops
and ______________________________.
Following Glycolysis when oxygen is absent:
If oxygen is not present, a cell begins with glycolysis and
continues with a different pathway called fermentation.
There are two types of fermentation:
Alcoholic Fermentation
•________________
Lactic Acid Fermentation
•________________
NAD+
During fermentation NADH converts to _________.
anaerobic
This is an ______________
process.
Alcoholic Fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + carbon dioxide + NAD+
Used in bread production (leavened bread) uses yeast to raise the bread. Yeast uses
sugar and gives off carbon dioxide. The alcohol generated cooks out of the bread
when baking.
Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Section 9-1
Glucose
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Section:
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Section 9-1
Glucose
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Section:
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Section 9-1
Glucose
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Section:
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pryuvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+
When you exercise vigorously by running/swimming, your muscle cells
need oxygen. When there is not enough oxygen, your body can’t produce
all the ATP that it needs. Your muscles begin to generate ATP by lactic
acid fermentation. This buildup causes a painful burning sensation. This
is why muscles feel sore or you get a side ache. You need to breathe to
reverse the lactic acid fermentation to cellular respiration.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Unicellular organisms produce lactic acid as a
waste product during fermentation.
Prokaryotes (good bacteria) are used in the
production of a wide variety of foods and beverages
such as cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream,
pickles, sauerkraut, and kimchi.
All of the above foods are produced using lactic
acid fermentation.
Chemical Pathways
Section 9-1
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Fermentation
(without oxygen)
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Section:
Electron
transport
Alcohol or
lactic acid
SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
• Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration:
• The students will be able to
• describe the process of cellular respiration (9-12.L.1.1)
• identify the components of glycolysis (9-12.L.1.1)
• compare the processes of alcoholic and pyruvic acid
fermentations (9-12.L.1.1)
• analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes
involved in the Krebs Cycle (9-12.L.1.1)
• explain the mitochondrial role in the ATP-ADP cycle
(9-12.L.1.1)
• Assess the role of enzymes in plant reactions (LAB)
SOUTH DAKOTA
CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
• 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular
functions and processes to specialized
structures within cells.
• Photosynthesis and respiration
•
ATP-ADP energy cycle
Role of enzymes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Core High School Life Science
Performance Descriptors
High school students
performing at the
ADVANCED level:
analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes
involved in the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle;
predict the function of a given structure;
High school students
performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
describe and give examples of chemical reactions
required to sustain life (…role of enzymes)
describe and give examples of chemical reactions
required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration
synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP,
role of enzymes);
describe the relationship between structure and function
High school students
performing at the
BASIC level
name chemical reactions required to sustain life
(… role of enzymes)
name chemical reactions required to sustain life
(hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis,
cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes);
recognize that different structures perform different
functions;
SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE
STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things.
• 9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the physical and
chemical processes of photosynthesis and cell
respiration and their importance to plant and animal life.
(SYNTHESIS)
•
Examples:
Krebs Cycle