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Vertebrate Physiology Chapter 2 • Sketch a cell and label the parts you sketched. • On the back, give the function of each part you included in your drawing. Chapter 2 Cell Physiology • Demonstrate full knowledge of cell physiology. This will be measured by having the student sketch a picture of a generalized cell. Students will label, and describe the function of each part, and answer exam questions about major chemical pathways in cells and organelles. What kind of cell did you draw? http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/mboc/mboc.cgi@code=220801800040279.htm Oligodendrocyte Microglia Ependymal cell Astrocyte Table 2-1 p22 Peroxisome Mitochondria Free ribosome Vault` Nuclear pore Nucleus Pair of centrioles in centrosome Rough ER Ribosome Endoplasmic (attached to reticulum rough ER) Lysosome Smooth ER Microtubules radiating from centrosome Microfilaments Vesicle Plasma membrane Golgi complex Cytosol Fig. 2-1, p. 24 Proteins (colored strands) are assembled on ribosomes attached to the ER or free in the cytoplasm. Instructions for Building proteins leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm. Nucleus Ribosomes 1 Rough ER Smooth ER 2 Transport vesicles 3 Golgi complex 4 7 5 Lysosome Secretory vesicles 6 Secretion (exocytosis) Fig. 2-3, p. 27 Golgi complex Transport vesicle from ER, about to fuse with the Golgi membrane Golgi sacs Golgi lumen Vesicles containing finished product Golgi complex Fig. 2-4, p. 28 Golgi Membrane of outermost lumen Golgi sac Secretory vesicle formation Plasma ECF membrane Cytosol Budding from Golgi Uncoating Docking at plasma membrane Exocytosis Fig. 2-6, p. 30 Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration has three stages: • Glycolysis in the cytosol • The citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix • Oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial inner membrane Glycolysis is an anaerobic process involving 10 sequential reactions Glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules Net production of 2 ATP Glycolysis ATP Cytosol Pyruvate to acetate Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation One 6-carbon glucose molecule 2 NAD+ Ten separate steps ATP 2 NADH 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP ATP Two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules Fig. 2-11, p. 35 Pyruvate • The citric acid cycle • • • is an aerobic process involving 8 reactions Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix Acetyl CoA then enters citric acid cycle Net production of 2 ATP Hydrogen carrier molecules enter oxidative phosphorylation 3C Key Acetyl-CoA Carbon atom Oxaloacetate Citrate C In mitochondrial matrix Isocitrate Malate 6C Fumarate Ketoglutarate Succin yl Succinate 4C + 1C 1C 4C Fig. 2-12, p. 36 Cytosol Outer mitochondrial membrane 6 High H+ Intermembrane space ATP synthase cyt c 3 Basal unit 3 3 Inner mitochondrial membrane Ubiquinone (CoQ) Complex I 1 Complex II Complex III 5 Complex IV Stalk 4 5 Headpiece 1 6 Low H+ 2 2 Mitochondrial matrix 9 Electron transport system Electrons flow through a series of electron carriers from high-energy to low-energy levels; the energy released builds an H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Chemiosmosis ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis using energy from the H+ gradient across the membrane. Oxidative phosphorylation Fig. 2-13, p. 37 Ribosomes Where a messenger RNA fits through a ribosome Large ribosomal subunit (a) Ribosome Small ribosomal subunit Fig. 2-17, p. 44 Keratin filament Keratin subunit Tubulin subunit Actin subunit (a) Microtubule (b) Microfilament Keratin protofibril (c) Keratin, an intermediate filament Fig. 2-21, p. 48 Base of flagellum or cilium Basal body (centriole) (a) Structure of cilium or flagellum Plasma membrane (cell surface) Fig. 2-24a, p. 51 Table 2-2a p47 Table 2-2b p47 Table 2-2c p47