Transcript Document

Lecture 5c 4 Feb 2013
Atherosclerosis
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
Functional foods are only marginally capable of
modifying the factors involved in atherosclerosis
relative to nutraceuticals
-Are functional foods of any value regarding
prevention or improvement of the atherosclerotic
process?
Class activity
- Factors that limit use of nutraceuticals
Nutraceuticals
Note: none= no studies found in humans
Lipids
-fish oils
-lowers triglycerides-mechanism is
controversial
-modest decrease or no impact on cholesterol
and LDLc
-may slightly increase or decrease or have no
impact on HDLc
what does that perhaps say about the
mechanism of triglyceride lowering?
Lipids
-evening primrose oil-most effective at lowering cholesterol in
hypercholesterolemic persons
-rise in HDLc only in hypertriglyceridemics
-inverse relationship in response
between
triglycerides and HDLc
Lipids
-borage oil
-no impact of up to 1.3 g GLA /day
-5.24 g GLA/day no impact
Lipids
-blackcurrant oil-drops triglycerides, LDLc and total
cholesterol and raises HDLc especially in
hyperlipidemics
-normolipidemics there is no effect to date
Lipids
-fungal oil
-very successful at lowering cholesterol and
LDLc in animals
-only human trial mixed in algal oil- problem
with this?
-rich in b-carotene- antioxidant potential
Lipids
-garlic capsules
-LDLc and cholesterol is lowered modestly
10–15 %
-allicin fingered though mechanism is not
clear
-atheroma regression
-reduction of oxidation of lipids
-may play a role in reduced platelet
activity since oxidized LDL has
been suggested to more aggressively
increase platelet reactivity- Jialal at
UC-Davis disputes this
Lipids
Beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C
-antioxidant principles
some have suggested an atheroma
lessening though this is
controversial
Platelets
-fish oils
platelet phospholipid
-reduction of arachidonic acid
-increased EPA-poor cyclooxygenase
substrate
-generates thromboxane A3
weakly pro-aggregatory
-PGI3 –very antiaggregatory
Platelets
-evening primrose oil
-DGLA-generates PGI1
-PGI1-antiaggregatory
evening primrose oil-some show an
increase in aggregation at
higher GLA doses (300
mg/day)
-at lower doses (<300 mg GLA/day)decreased aggregation
Platelets
-borage oil- no impact of up to 1.3 g GLA /day
-5.24 g GLA/day increased
aggregation
-higher doses-hyper-reactivity –
possibly due to formation of
a hydroxy DGLA
-blackcurrant oil-mix of omega 3 and 6
-none
Platelets
-fungal oil-mix of omega 3 and 6 (some
species omega 6 only)
-lowers platelet aggregation in
animals
-garlic capsules
-lower aggregation in vitro
problem with in vitro -usually
washed or platelet-rich
plasma
-bleeding times are better- Ivy
bleeding time
Blood pressure
- more elaboration when we get to
hypertension
Changes occurs in both systolic and
diastolic where changes indicated
-fish oils-modest blood pressure lowering –
in part eicosanoid PGI3 (possibly -no PGI3
human studies found) related
-also drops in AA- related
eicosanoids
BLOOD PRESSURE
-evening primrose oil
-modest drops (possibly PGI1- no human
PGI1 studies found)
-PGE1 related
-borage oil-more pronounced drops than
evening primrose oil observed
-blackcurrant oil- most pronounced drops of
the studies done
Blood pressure
-fungal oil
-none- lowered in SHR rats
-garlic capsules
-lower blood pressure- see nitric
oxide-allicin fingered
Obesity
-olive oil
-may result in weight loss
-mechanism obscure
-fish oils
-none
-evening primrose oil
-one study-no effect
Obesity
-borage oil
-none
-blackcurrant oil
-none
-fungal oil
-decreased body fat content in animalshigh oleic content in fungal oil
-garlic capsules
-none
Renal Disease
Blood pressure lowering-more when we get to
renal
Various Pathogens
-no nutraceuticals yet studied that
specifically alleviate the problems of
infection that are hypothetically linked
to atherosclerosis
Nitric oxide
-garlic capsules- increase in nitric oxide
production