Transcript Slide 1

Aim: What are organic compounds?
I. Organic compounds – substances that contain
both carbon and hydrogen. Each carbon atom can
form bonds with up to 4 different atoms.
A. Organic compounds help to carry out
metabolism
1. Metabolism - The chemical processes occurring within a
living cell or organism that are necessary for the
maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are
broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other
substances, necessary for life, are synthesized.
B. Polymers – a large molecule that is made up of many
small molecules linked (covalent bonds) together.
1. Dehydration synthesis – when two molecules are
bonded together by the removal of a water molecule.
A
+
H2O
B
A
B
+ H2O
2. Hydrolysis – when a larger molecule is broken
down into smaller molecules by the addition of water
molecules.
H2O +
A
Demonstration # 1
B
A
+
B
Demonstration # 2
II. The four major organic compounds – carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
A. Carbohydrates
1. Composed of simple sugars (ex: glucose
and fructose – C6H12O6)
a. Monosaccharide – one simple sugar
b. Disaccharide – 2 simple sugars bonded
together
2. Starch – polymer made up of sugar subunits.
Starch is also known as a polysaccharide.
3. Carbohydrates include the elements C, H,
and O.
a. In all carbohydrates, the number of
hydrogen atoms is always twice the
number of oxygen atoms.
4. Carbohydrates are used for energy
storage and provide strong building
materials for cells.
Demonstration
OSE ending!!
H2O
monosaccharide
Disaccharide
1. Used for energy storage. Stores energy longer
than carbohydrates.
2. Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol
(alcohol).
Fatty Acid
Many carbon –
hydrogen bonded
atoms
Glycerol
3. One lipid molecule is composed of 3 fatty acid
molecules bonded to one glycerol molecule
3 fatty
Acids
Glycerol
4. Saturated fats – all carbon atoms are single
bonded to one another. Saturated fats are solid at
room temperature. Ex: Butter, fats in meats, and
cheese.
5. Unsaturated fats – there are one or more double
bonds between the carbon atoms in the fatty acids.
Unsaturated fats are liquids at room temperature. Ex:
oils.
C. Proteins – used for building materials, transporting
substances, sending signals, providing defense, to control
chemical activities (p. 106 of text).
1. Proteins are polymers that are made up of amino
acids subunits. There are 20 different amino acids.
Amino
Group
Carboxyl
Group
(NH2)
(COOH)
Side Chain
2. Amino acids are linked together by peptide
bonds.
3. Dipeptide – 2 amino acids linked together by a
peptide bond.
4. Polypeptide – many amino acids linked together.
What are structures A, B, C, and D?
D. Nucleic Acids – consist of DNA and RNA
1. DNA and RNA are responsible for storing genetic
information that contains the directions for building
every molecule in an organism.
2. DNA and RNA are polymers that are made up
of subunits called nucleotides.
3. Nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, a 5
Carbon sugar (DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has
ribose), and a nitrogenous base.
4. Four types of nitrogenous bases:
a. Adenine
b. Thymine
c. Cytosine
d. Guanine
e. Adenine always pairs up with Thymine (A-T)
and Cytosine always pairs up with Guanine (C-G).