Transcript Unit 1 - Cells: The Functional Unit of Life

Unit 2 – Chemistry
of Life
Test procedures
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Make sure name is on assignment sheet. Staple any excused or late work
that has not been graded. Place in “inbox”. If you have a late lab, put
notebook in inbox
Take out #2 pencil, pen (optional), and 1 sheet of binder paper
Put name, period, and “Evolution exam” on scantron and blank paper. When
you get the exam, put the test number on the scantron and blank paper.
You may start once you get your exam. You can do it in any order, you can
even start with the essay. For the essay make sure you write legibly and use
complete sentences. You may include diagrams, but only to SUPPLEMENT
not REPLACE written responses. If you have severe smudge marks on the
scantron, circle your correct answer choice.
When you finish the exam, turn the exam and essay over and the scantron
underneath these and keep it at the top of your desk
You may sit there, work on other homework, or, may favorite, take a nap. Any
COMMUNICATION to other classmates during or after the test will first result
in losing participation points.
I will collect the essays and scantrons once most people are finished and
collected the exams once everyone is done.
DO WELL!
Critical thinking exercise
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We will do this to start each new unit
In your science notebook, skip a page (for your
assignment sheet) and make 3 columns
Observations/what
I know
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Hypothesis
What I need to know
During the demo, write observations. After the demo,
discuss observations with your group, write down
things that you know related to this, form a
hypothesis, then write down things you NEED to learn
in this unit to confirm or develop your hypothesis.
Test corrections
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How to do test corrections
When you get your exam back, make a list of the questions numbers that you missed and
the answer YOU put, the correct answer, and study guide or activity it refers to. I will
usually go through the essay with you. Take notes on which elements you missed from
the essay.
For each question missed, clearly explain that concept. This does NOT mean simply
restate the question and correct answer. Most of the time, you will need to revisit your
study guide and textbook. For the essay, if you missed ANY points on any one essay,
completely rewrite the essay correctly. The due date will be announced in class and
posted as homework. This will go under a graded assignment on your assignment sheet. I
will collect the scantron and test after 50 minutes. If you are not finished, either come in to
see the test or make a note of concepts you must explain, and finish at home. AGAIN,
SIMPLY RESTATING THE QUESTION AND ANSWER WILL NOT RESULT IN POINTS
AND END UP WASTING YOUR TIME!
Grading rubric
Multiple choice:
8 points: All test corrections done with excellent detail
6: Some test corrections missing, but done with satisfactory detail
4: MANY test corrections missing but done with satisfactory detail –OR- All test
corrections done, but with unsatisfactory detail (merely restated question and answer, or
VERY brief explanation
2: Some to many test corrections missing and done with unsatisfactory detail (merely
restated question and answer, or VERY brief explanation
Essay
2: Whole essay done correctly
1: Unsatisfactory detail
Matter
Examples:
 Definition:
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Atomic structure
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Cannot be broken
down by chemical
means
Proton
Neutron
Electron
neutron
proton
Elements
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Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Carbon are all
considered different elements. Why?
Isotopes and ions
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Isotopes: The same element but with different number of
neutrons
 14C and 12C are isotopes: how many protons, neutrons,
and electrons in each?
Radioactive Isotopes: Nuclei are unstable and break down
at a constant rate over time
 Carbon dating, nuclear energy, radiation treatment
Electron properties
Reading quiz
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Take out WB 18-20 and complete question
1 on WB 18(directly onto the worksheet).
Look at the diagrams on WB 18 as well.
Chemical bonding
A chemical bond is an interaction between
atoms
 It happens due to an atom’s affinity for certain
interactions that increases its stability
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 COVALENT  IONIC  HYDROGEN  OTHER
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Chemical compounds: Substance formed by the combination
of two or more elements
Molecule: 2 or more atoms covalently bonded to each other
Covalent bonding
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
No reading quiz, instead, after
passing over your study guide and
assignment sheet, read through all
of food test lab (WB 25) and
answer the first question (how will
you control the experiment) directly
onto WB 25
Station 1 explanation
Station 2 explanation
Station 3 significance (adhesion
and cohesion
Adhesion and cohesion allow water to
move up a plant (like a column of water)
 Cohesion allows water to remain together
in your cells
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Station 3 explanation
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Why do you want to dissolve substances in
your body?
Station 4 explanation
NaOH + H20  Na+
+ OH- + H20 (basic)
 Phenolthalein reacts
with NaOH to
produce a pink color
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Unique properties of Carbon
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Carbon makes up the
backbone of many big
molecules in your body,
why?
4 valence electrons
Relatively small
Can form up to 4 bonds,
including single, double,
and triple bonds
Can bond to each other to
form long chains
Hydrocarbons
Single bond
Double bond
Macromolecules
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Organisms are primary
composed of macromolecules
(big-molecules) that carry out
the biological functions
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, Nucleic Acid (will
be explored in detail later)
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids are
chains of repeated subunits called monomers
(mono-1)
Macromolecules are sometimes called polymers
(poly-many)
Breakdown of macromolecules
Where do we get macromolecules?
 Food gets broken down into its monomers
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Synthesis of macromolecules
Example
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Is this hydrolysis or dehydration?
Food test lab (WB 25)
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Job responsibilities
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Principal investigator: Reads instructions, leads group through task, makes
sure everyone is on task
Recorder: Records all data and performs necessary calculations.
Materials manager: Obtains needed materials, actual performs any
measuring or reactions
Safety manager: Ensures lab station is properly maintained and cleaned up
at end (may delegate extensive clean up tasks. Makes sure everyone is
wearing goggles and gloves if neccesary and following other safety
procedures
Participation points will be taken off if you are not performing your task or
following safety procedures
Use regular tap water (refill if you need more)
Remember to explain how you will control your experiment and include
this while collected and recording data
Skip tests for protein and fat
Rows 1 and 3: Do sugar tests first
Rows 2 and 4: Do starch test first
Food test lab safety
Wear gloves as soon as you start the lab,
don’t take them off until clean up is done.
 Anyone with long hair must tie it back
 Dump all liquids down sink. Throw away
any solids. You don’t have to wash out test
tube until WHOLE lab is finished. Wash
hands after you are finished also.
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Macromolecule Jigsaw
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Objective: Understand the structure and function of the 4
different macromolecules by using your study guide and
textbook to create a 1 page visually display of an
assigned macromolecule and present this in a small
group
Step 1: With your partner, understand your assigned
macromolecule and create your 1 page display of its
structure and function (including the monomer or major
component)
Step 2: You will be in a group of 8. You and your partner
will explain your display while the rest of the group fills
out their macromolecule chart. While you are not
presenting, you will be filling out the chart
Reading quiz (use 2 pages to make this
chart, and fill out the first 2 columns
using information from SG 3
Macromolecule Monomer or major Picture
component
Examples
Biological
function
Macromolecul Monomer or
e
major
component
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
(or simple sugar)
Lipid
Fatty acid and
glycerol
Nucleic Acid
nucleotide
Protein
Amino acid
Picture
Examples
Biological
function
Use study guide and textbook to individually
complete this chart. When you are done, check it
over and discuss with your table.
Reading quiz (all of SG 3)
1. For each of the 4 macromolecules discussed in the
study guide, write down the monomer or major
component (hint: not which elements are present)
2. Plants can synthesize starch, a type of carbohydrate,
and store it for later use. Explain how this synthesis
can be done (think about types of reactions and the
monomer of this macromolecule)
Reading quiz (all of SG 3)
1.
For each of the 4 macromolecules discussed in the study guide, write
down the monomer or major component (hint: not which elements are
present)
Protein: amino acid
Carbohydrate: monosaccharide
Fat: fatty acid or fatty acid + glycerol
Nucleic acid: nucleotide
2. Plants can synthesize starch, a type of carbohydrate, and store it for later
use. Explain how this synthesis can be done (think about types of
reactions and the monomer of this macromolecule)
monosaccharides are bonded together to form starch
from a dehydration synthesis
Proteins
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Contain N, C, H, and O
Monomer: Amino Acid
Uses: Structure, fight
infection,
catalysts
Peptide bonds connect amino acids
H
H
O
N
Amine Group
C
C
Carboxyl group
OH
H
R
R group
(only part that is different)
Protein structure
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A chain of amino
acids is called a
polypeptide. It
becomes a protein
once it serves a
function
Function depends on
sequence and how it
folds (shape)
Warm up
Food
Water
Egg
Butter
Bread
Starch
+
Protein
+
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Fat
+
1. From the hypothetical data above, gathered from our food lab,
state 2 conclusions (+ indicates the presence of that
macromolecule)
2. What was the purpose of testing water?
3. What was the purpose of iodine in the starch test?
No Reading quiz. Pass over HW
and take first 15 minutes to finish
amino acid lab and questions.
Also pick up your notebook and
any other assignments from
outbox. If you finish early, review
your macromolecule chart.
Cycles of matter
Ecosystem can be defined as ___
 Relies on biotic (
) and abiotic ( )factors?
 Matter is recycled within and between
ecosystems. Evidence?
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Nutrient cycles
Water cycle
Share your water cycle and carbon cycles
from last night’s homework with your partner.
Explain each step to each other and revise
anything that needs change
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questions?
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Nutrient cycles
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1. Draw the structure of the simplest amino acid, glycine
2. Label the amine and carboxyl group
3. Attach another glycine to it in the correct sport and
label the peptide bond
4. What kind of reaction is this? What molecule is
released?
5. Extreme temperatures and pH levels will denature
proteins. We have not learned this word yet, but what do
you think it means to denature a protein?