Transcript Unit 1: The Body in Action

Unit 1:principles of Anatomy
and Physiology
Energy systems
Kevin Browne
Learning Objectives
All students will be able to:
 To define the terms aerobic and anaerobic
 Identify the three different types of energy
systems
Introduction
Any form of activity within the
human body requires
ENERGY.
This form of activity could be
enzyme secretion, nerve
stimulation, contraction of
the heart or physical
activity.
Creating Energy
In order for the human body to create energy, it
will either use the process of:
 Aerobic respiration
 Anaerobic respiration
Student Activity
In pairs, define the terms aerobic respiration
and anaerobic respiration, and discuss any
similarities or differences in the two.
Aerobic respiration
There are two different types of respiration.
When you exercise at a steady, comfortable rate, the
cardiovascular system is able to supply the muscles with
all the oxygen they need.
Under these conditions, aerobic respiration takes place.
glucose + oxygen
energy +
carbon
+ water
dioxide
Aerobic exercise can be maintained for long periods
without the performer getting breathless or suffering
muscle cramps. Moderate activities like walking,
jogging, cycling and swimming use aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration
When you exercise at a high intensity, the cardiovascular
system cannot supply enough oxygen to the muscles.
Under these conditions, anaerobic respiration takes place.
glucose
energy + lactic acid
With no oxygen available, glucose is burned to produce
energy and lactic acid.
Lactic acid is a mild poison. As it builds up, it causes muscle
pain and eventually cramp.
Short, intense activities like sprinting, weightlifting, jumping
and throwing use anaerobic respiration.
Energy Systems
There are two types of energy types in the body

Anaerobic is
the release of
energy without
oxygen for
short bursts.

Aerobic is
a sustained
release of
energy with
oxygen for
longer
endurance
events.*
Discussion
How do these types of systems, create energy?
The muscles of the body use both carbohydrates and
fats to produce energy.
There are 3 energy systems, and each system will
produce energy in a slightly different way through
chemical reactions. The three energy systems are:
ATP-CP system
Anaerobic Glycolysis (latic acid system)
 Aerobic Glycolysis


Starchy CHO from food is converted to glucose in the
gut, which enters the small intestine and passes
into the bloodstream to be transported to the
muscles.
The glucose is then used in 3 different ways…
Body Cells
Glucose diffuses
easily into the
cells and is used
to meet their
energy demands.
Skeletal Muscle
Glucose is stored here as
glycogen and is used
when the body is working
harder.
Liver
Here some of the
glucose is stored as
glycogen and used
to maintain blood
sugar levels.
Student Activity
Research and quick presentations
You will be split into three groups, each group
will look at a different energy system, and
will answer the following questions:

How long does it take to produce energy?

Explain the chemical process of your energy
system

Which sports will use this energy system

Conditions:

you may only use 10 words to summarise
the information from the text but can use as
many diagrams/symbols
How do these systems work?

The body has to create energy chemically! BUT
HOW?

In the muscles is
adenosine
triphosphate
(ATP).

This is quickly
converted to
adenosine
diphosphate (ADP).

The by-product is
Energy which is
released.


This is not sustainable
and the body must use
other chemicals to
convert ADP back to ATP
and continue the process
of making energy.
This is done in 3 ways.. .
This is what ATP LOOKS Like

Special high-energy bonds exist between the
phosphate groups and breaking one of the
phosphate bonds releases the energy. ATP is
broken down into adenosine diphosphate
(ADP) and free phosphate (Pi) releasing the
stored energy.
http://oldlearnzone.loucoll.ac.uk/NLN/Science/Biology/Life%20Science
s/workshop3_RH4_Energy%20systems/472AA547-FB87-4788-92779A48354BC642/453_sco.html
Creatine Phosphate (CP) Energy System


This generally follows on from the breakdown
of ATP and uses the two substances
combined into ATP-CP system.
This system use CP stored in muscles, which
splits to allow the Phosphate to join ADP and
create more ATP.
This new ATP can
then be used to
create energy as
before

The quantity of ATP in the muscles is very
limited so once this breakdown has occurred
the ADP needs to be resynthesised back into
ATP to ensure the constant generation of
energy within the body. Note that energy is
required to resynthesise ATP and it is the
energy we get from food that provides this.
Creatine Phosphate (CP) Energy System

This system is very efficient, uses no
oxygen and creates no waste product, but
it is limited to about 10-15 seconds before
running out.
Lactic Acid System
(Anaerobic Glycolysis)

When CP runs out, the muscles call upon the stores of glucose
(glycogen).

Unfortunately this system creates a waste product called pyruvic
acid.

Ideally the body copes with this by, oxygen breaking down the
pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water.
But, if activity levels are too
intense and not enough O2 can
be inspired, then the pyruvic
acid is not broken down and
converts into lactic acid.
Lactic Acid System
(Anaerobic Glycolysis)


If lactic acid is allowed to build up it the muscles fatigue and
either the work-rate must be reduced or the individual will be
forced to stop.
Now they must rest while fresh oxygen is supplied to repay the
oxygen debt.

Who can think what the term oxygen debt refers to?

“The additional oxygen that must be taken into the body after
vigorous exercise to restore all systems to their normal states is
called oxygen debt” (A.V. Hill 1886-1977).
Aerobic Energy System
The Process
ofrelease
Aerobic
Respiration
Aerobic respiration
involves the
of energy
from the slow
breakdown of glucose using oxygen, inside the cells.
Water
Glucose
1. Glucose and oxygen are transported to the working muscles by
Energy for Muscles
the blood.
contract
2. Glucose and oxygen are to
then
used byand
the muscles of the body to
create Movement
produce energy.
Carbon
3. ThisOxygen
process creates carbon dioxide and water.
Dioxide
4. The carbon dioxide passes back into the blood for removal.
3. Aerobic
If you change activity to a a steady jog on the spot you will start to
use a different system.

You are now using your Aerobic
system.

You are still using glycogen
from your body stores.

But now the pyruvic acid is being
broken down by the oxygen to
produce water and CO2.

The Aerobic system is used by
anyone doing a sustained
activity like jogging.*

How long could you keep running for?

As long as you keep a supply of oxygen
it depends on your glycogen supply.

The glycogen comes from the
carbohydrates in your food.
These are broken down and stored.



As you tire your body will be using up the
glycogen in your muscles and be looking
for the other supplies like in fats.
Endurance athletes will feel these body
changes and look for warning signs
(hitting the wall).*
Worksheet
1.
Identify the 3 energy systems.
2.
Define the terms below: Aerobic respiration and
Anaerobic respiration
3.
Explain the chemical process of the ATP-CP
system.
4.
Explain the chemical process of Anaerobic and
Aerobic Glycolysis by filling in the spaces, using
the words on the worksheet: