Transcript major themes Renaissance through Revolutions

GHSGT REVIEW
World History Ideas
Renaissance (1350-1600)

“Rebirth”



Interest in learning
Interest in “classical societies:” Greece and Rome
Development of in urban centers
 City
 Rural  Country
 Suburban  Outside the city
 Urban
Renaissance
 Begins
 Main
in Europe (Italy)
city  Florence, Italy
 Spreads
to northern Europe
(England, France, Netherlands,
Germany)
Florence, Italy
Politics: Ruler was wealthy merchant family
(De Medici)
 Economy: Shipping
 Society: Recovering from Black Plague and
political instability

 Move
toward individual thinking (humanism)
 Material comforts; positive human qualities
 “Ideal” humans
Florence
Florence
Renaissance
 Leads
to
Reformation
 Scientific Revolution
 Exploration and Discovery

People of the Renaissance
A “Renaissance Man”
 Term:
well-educated person who excels in
multiple fields and has many talents
 Examples:
 Leonardo
da Vinci
 Machiavelli
 Michelangelo
Machiavelli:
Father of
Political
Science
Book The Prince
Main idea: Force
& shrewd decision
making allow
leader to maintain
power
“The ends justify
the means”
Leonardo
da Vinci
Original
“Renaissance Man”
Painter; sculptor;
engineer; physicist;
studied anatomy
Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
Michelangelo
Painter & Sculptor
Human images
reflect the divine
beauty of God
Humanists

Studied the history, philosophy, and
poetry of the ancient Greeks and Romans
Petrarch
 Dante
 Erasmus

Petrarch
Father of humanism
Said that God gave
all men talents and
intelligence, and
each person should
use those talents to
the best of his or
her ability
Dante
Author of The Divine
Comedy
Wrote in common
language – Italian
(everything else was in
Latin)
Known as “Father of the
Vernacular”
(common language
Erasmus
Church was corrupt and
needed reforming
Believed in free will instead
of predestination
Free will – man makes
decisions
Predestination – your life is
already planned out
Protestant
Reformation
The Reformation
Before
Reformation, only ONE
church existed in western
Europe:
The
Roman Catholic Church.
Martin
Luther
Martin Luther
Europe (Germany)
 Posted 95 Theses on the Church door
 Attacked Church for indulgences

 Indulgences
 paying the church for
forgiveness

Believed doing good deeds did not get you
into heaven
Luther starts Protestantism
Started the Lutheran Church
 Those who protested the Roman Catholic
Church were called Protestants.


Protestant – someone who believes in Jesus
Christ as the Son of God but is not Catholic
 Today
– Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, etc.
John
Calvin
-Idea of
Predestination
- God is all
powerful and
has already
decided who will
receive salvation
King Henry VIII
of England
Wives of
Henry VIII
Divorced,
Beheaded,
Died,
Divorced,
Beheaded,
Survived
Summary:
In England (not mainland Europe)
 Wanted a divorce
 Catholic Church wouldn’t allow
 “Broke away” and formed his own church
 Church of England = Anglican Church

Created
Church of England
(Anglican Church)
Elizabeth I
“Virgin Queen”
Daughter of Henry VIII
Elizabethan Period
Elizabeth I

Her dad (King Henry VIII) had VERY
Catholic beliefs (except divorce)

Elizabeth I believed:
 ‘moderate’
form of Protestantism
 She didn’t force Religion into every day lives
of her people
Johannes
Gutenberg
Printed the 1st
Bible in Europe
made with
movable type
 Allowed the ideas
of the Protestant
Reformation to
expand quickly
 Promoted reading
and thinking

Catholics didn’t want to be
outdone by Protestants
Started the Counter Reformation
(Catholic Reformation)
Jesuits
Group of Catholic priests
 Wanted to restore Catholicism
 Traveled throughout Europe
 Missionaries who wanted to turn Protestants
back to Catholics
 Succeeded in many areas of Europe


Still around today (Notre Dame is a Jesuit
school)
Council of Trent
Body of Catholic Bishops
 Met over a period of 18 years
 Tried to reform Catholic practices”
 Believed:

 Good
works were required to reach heaven
 Indulgences were okay
 However,
were not allowed to be sold
European Exploration
Why are they
exploring?
Reasons for Exploring??
1.
2.
3.

Gold (money)
God
Glory
Desire for gold based on mercantilism:
country’s strength comes from gold and
silver. Colonies were desired for raw
materials and as a market for
manufactured goods.
New Inventions (1400)

improved maps and compass

Astrolabe
 Allowed
sailors to locate and predict the position
of the moon, sun, and stars making navigation
easier and efficient (accurate)
Vasco da
Gama
Sailed around
Africa
 Portuguese

Christopher
Columbus
Italian who
sailed for Spain
 Set out to find a
westward route
(water) from
Spain to India
 Established a
permanent
settlement on
the island of
Hispaniola

Ferdinand
Magellan
1st European to lead
an expedition that
circumnavigated
(sailed around) the
world
 Proved that the world
was spherical (round)

Samuel de Champlain

Established the
1st French Colony
(Quebec City)
Explorer
From
Found
Da Gama
1497-99
Portugal
India
Columbus
1492-1493
Spain
New World
(West Indies)
Magellan
1519-1522
Spain
World is Round
(Circumnavigated)
Champlain
1608
France
Settled in Canada
Columbian Exchange

The large-scale exchange of plants,
diseases, animals, and people between
the eastern and western hemispheres
following Columbus’ first voyage to what
would become known as the Americas
 Horse
from Europe
 Potato from America
 Tobacco from America
Scientific Revolution
Explain things with Science
instead of Religion
Scientific Revolution

Before the Scientific Revolution –
Religion was used to explain
EVERYTHING

People started wondering WHY
things happened….
Church believed Earth
was center of universe
Going against the Church
was UNHEARD of…
Copernicus
Believed in
heliocentric solar
system (the Earth
revolved around the
sun) rather than the
geocentric (Earth
being the center)
solar system
 Challenged the
teachings of the
Catholic Church

Galileo
Proved Copernicus Right!
telescope
Kepler
Believed planets
moved in an
elliptical (oval
or egg shaped)
orbit around the
sun
Newton
“Father of Calculus”
Laws of gravity and
motion
Writings
of John
Locke
Locke’s ideas

Natural Rights
 “life,
liberty, and property”
 Liberty = freedom

Thomas Jefferson used his ideas in
Declaration of Independence
 “life,
liberty, and pursuit of happiness”
Age of Revolutions
Started with the American
Revolution!
French Revolution 1789 - 1799
Revolt against the excesses
of the King
 Tennis Court Oath- 3rd Estate
refused to adjourn until they
had equal rights
 Storming of the Bastille
 Symbol of the revolution
 Bastille was a French jail
 Result- Napoleon takes
power

Napoleon Bonaparte



Took over in France after
military coup
Attempted to take over the
world
 Followed ideas of Alexander
 Stopped by Russian winter
Consequences of defeat:
 Developed modern warfare
 Other countries formed
alliances to protect against
invasion
Haiti (1791 – 1804)
Haiti (1791-1804)






French colony
France would not allow Haitians a voice in
government
Leader: Toussaint L’Ouverture
Slave rebellion drove out the French
Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared Haiti
independent 1804
France sells Louisiana to USA because of
this revolution.
Latin America (1808-1825)
Started after American and French Revolutions
 Main leader: Simon Bolivar
 Created independent countries in : Mexico,
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina,
Chile, Brazil, and Bolivia
 James Monroe and Monroe Doctrine

Latin America
Key Terms
Ferdinand Magellan
Age of Exploration
Printing Press
Indulgences
Columbian Exchange
Galileo Galilei
Renaissance
Machiavelli
Leonardo da Vinci
Age of Exploration
Vasco da Gama
Samuel de Champlain
Henry VIII
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Dante
Erasmus
Petrarch
Michelangelo
Simon Bolivar
Toussaint L’Ouverture
mercantilism