Transcript EOC Packet #1

EOC Packet #1
Basic Information
 Six Elements:
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
 Sulfur
 Phosphorous
Molecule
 Smallest representative piece of a compound
 Example: Water, carbon dioxide
Organic Compounds:
 Must contain carbon
 Examples: nucleic acids, protein, carbohydrates, lipids,
Class Name
Elements
Function
Examples
Carbohydrates
C,H,O
Storage of Energy
Sugar, Starches
Lipids
C,H,O
Energy, Waterproof Fats, oils, waxes
Coverings, Chemical
Messengers
Protein
C,H,O,P,N,S
Structural Support,
Chemical
Messengers
(enzymes)
Enzymes
Nucleic Acid
C,H,O,P,N
Genetic Material
DNA, RNA
Enzymes
 Examples of proteins
 Job is to catalyze a reaction
 Temperature, pH, substrate/enzyme concentration
 Active site of enzyme matches up with substrate shape
 Breakdown of food (example: break down of lactose by
lactase); Cell respiration; DNA Replication
Basic Information
 Homeostasis: maintaining a constant environment
 Temperature, pH, amount of sugar
 Water- helps provide homeostasis in the body; absorbs water
soluble substances; excretion of wastes; osmotic balance
 Cells regulate the flow of molecules in and out of the cell
using the CELL MEMBRANE
 DIFFUSION is the process that moves solutes from high
concentration to low concentration.
 OSMOSIS is the process that moves water from hypotonic
(low solute/high water) areas to hypertonic (high solute/low
water) areas
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT is a process that requires energy to
move charged ions through the membrane.
Membrane’s Function
 It is selectively permeable so it only allows certain things to
enter and exit the cell
 Once inside the cell different molecules can be used for
different purposes.
 Sugars are used by the cell for cell respiration
 Proteins are broken down into subunits called amino acids
and used to build new proteins
Cells….
 Cells are made of many small structures called ORGANELLES each of which
has a specific job. List several jobs performed by the parts of the cells:
 Make proteins (ribosomes); transport (ER); storage (vacuole)
 When do Cells divide? During mitosis
 How do cells ensure that the new cells will have all the same information that
the old cells do?
 S PHASE OF INTERPHASE REPLICATES DNA SO A COPY OF DNA
WILL GO INTO THE NEW CELL
 If each cell has an identical copy of the DNA, how do we get specialized cells
that are different like liver cells, lung cells and skin cells?
 Same DNA but has access to different proteins
 The process by which cells become specialized is called
DIFFERENTIATION
 What happens between each cell division to prevent cells from
becoming smaller and smaller?
 INTERPHASE SO CELL GROWS DURING G1
 After fertilization, what happens to the zygote (the fertilized egg)?
 GOES THROUGH CLEAVAGE
 What causes the individual cells in the embryo to differentiate?
 CHEMICALS WITHIN THE GENES HAVE ON/OFF SIGNALS
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
AUTOSOMES/BODY CELLS
SEX CELLS
DIPLOID
HAPLOID
ONE DIVISION
TWO DIVISION
SYMBOLIZED AS 2N
SYMBOLIZED AS N
 Body cells or autosomes have two times the amount of
chromosomes than sex cells.
 Example: sperm/egg cell has 23 chromosomes while body cells have
46 chromosomes
 Mistakes during mitosis and meiosis lead to different
problems.
 Which one is more likely to lead to a defect in the entire body of an
organism?
 Meiosis
 Which one is more likely to lead to a defect in a single body
part?
 Mitosis
•:
 Mutations: change in a DNA sequence
 Causes: UV light, Cancer, Smoking
 Pathogens: anything that causes a disease
 Causes: viruses like influenza, mumps