Transcript Vitamins and Minerals - Food Science, Rutgers SEBS

Vitamins and Minerals
PowerPoint originally prepared by
Shanta Adeeb
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The Nature of Vitamins
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Vitamins are organic compounds needed
for normal function, growth and
maintenance
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Cofactors, not energy
The Nature of Vitamins
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Organic cofactors
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Physiological role
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Prevents disease (?optimal health?)
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Natural = Synthetic (except Vitamin E)
For “nutrition” in general
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Nutritional Value lost by:
– Light
– Heat
– Oxidation
– Bacteria
– Enzymes
– Insects
The Nature of Vitamins
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FOOD
PROCESSING
PRESERVES
NUTRIENTS
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Example: Milk
Vitamin Requirements
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Daily Values (DV): standard nutrient intake
values developed by FDA
– Includes DRIs and DRVs
– Disease prevention
– Best met through a consumption of a
wide variety of foods
Vitamin Requirements
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI):
recommendation for individuals
– Age
– Gender
– Pregnancy
– Lactation
Vitamin Requirements
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Daily Reference Values (DRV): standards
established for protein and other dietary
components lacking a RDA or nutrient
standard
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Constitute part of the Daily Values used
on food labeling
Dietary Supplements
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They are classified as “Nutritional Supplements”
They are not foods, and not drugs*
Supplements are “Product intended to supplement
the diet and contains vitamins, minerals, botanicals,
amino acids, and their extracts”
NOT consumed as a food replacement
Loosely regulated, “not evaluated by FDA”
*By definition a “drug” is used to
“prevent, treat or cure” disease.
Fat Soluble Vitamins
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A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as
color and antioxidant
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D – we make it with sunlight, rickets, milk, Ca:P
ratios
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E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing
stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant
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K – contributes to blood clotting factor
Vitamin A
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Vitamin A
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Used in food industry as a colorant (orange)
Antioxidant
Stored in liver
Important for sight
– Deficiency causes ~500,000 cases of “night
blindness” worldwide
Genetically engineered rice with high Vitamin A
can prevent night blindness
Carrotenosis
Vitamin D
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Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium
absorption
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Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium
levels
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Only fat soluble vitamin we can make in the
presence of sunlight
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Can be made from cholesterol
Vitamin D
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Can be stored in fat tissues
Elderly and shut ins are at risk
We get it form fortified milk and cereal
Toxicity is very dangerous
– Occurs only from excess supplementation
– Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart
and blood vessels
Vitamin D
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Vitamin E
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A family of eight naturally occurring compounds
Used as an anti-oxidant in foods
Since aging is considered an “oxidation” reaction,
many “anti-oxidants” are used as dietary
supplements
Deficiencies are not well understood
Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune
response
Americans spend $300 million per year on vitamin
E supplements
Vitamin K
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Contributes to synthesis of seven blood
clotting factors
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Can be reactivated to continue biological action
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Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two
bone proteins
Water Soluble Vitamins
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Relatively cheap to add
to food
Only Vitamin C is used
for its functionality
Water Soluble Vitamins
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B1, thiamine
B2, riboflavin
B6, pyridoxamine
B12
Biotin
Panothenic acid
Niacin
Folacin
Vitamin C
Water Soluble Vitamins
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Vitamin B1
– Thiamine
– Involved in carbohydrate metabolism
– Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central
nervous system
– Deficiency causes Beri beri
(Singlese, “I can’t, I can’t”)
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B2- riboflavin
– Energy metabolism
Water Soluble Vitamins
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B6 - Pyridoxamine
–
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B12 –
–
–
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Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100
reactions
Development of red blood cells
Hard for vegans to get
Water Soluble Vitamins
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Biotin –
–
–
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Panthothenic acid
–
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Involved in fatty acid synthesis
Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss
Found in many foods
Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates,
protein, alcohol and fat
Water Soluble Vitamins
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Choline
–
–
–
–
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A major component of
cell membranes
Folacin = Folate = Folic
acid
Deficiency causes
neural tube defects
Took Rutgers Professor
20 years for FDA
approval. Why?
Vitamin C
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Ascorbic acid
Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing
tool. Antioxidant
Deficiency leads to bleeding gums,
hemorrhages
High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)
Vitamin C - Scurvy
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Niacin (B3)
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Energy metabolism
Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s
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–
–
–
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Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death
Minerals
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Issues
– Absorption
– Bioavailability
Minerals
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Percent of Body weight
–
–
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–
–
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Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium
Chloride
Magnesium
Iron
2%
1%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.05%
0.04%
Minerals
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Calcium
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–
–
–
–
–
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99% is structural
~25% absorption
Vitamin D aids absorption
75% is obtained form dairy products
Many products are fortified with it
Built in youth lost in maturity
Calcium
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Osteoporosis – a pediatric disease with geriatric
consequences
– 1.5 million fractures each year
– 14 billion in direct health cost
– 25 million women at risk
– DRI women 600 – 800 mg/day
National Osteoporosis Foundation
www.nof.org
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Calcium
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Minerals
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Phosphorus
– Easily absorbed by the body
– Enhanced by Vitamin D
– Deficiency are rare
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Potassium
– A primary electrolyte in blood
– Associated with lower blood pressure
– Athletes
Minerals
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Sodium and Chloride
– Added during processing
– Enhances flavor
– We consume 2X of what we need
– Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension
 High blood pressure
Minerals
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Sulfur
– Necessary for collagen formation
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Magnesium
– Abundant in plants
Minerals
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Iron
– Most common and easily preventable deficiency
– Needed for oxygen absorption, immune function,
developmental performance
– Poor absorption from plant sources
– Low iron causes anemia, especially in menstruating
women
– Toxicity
 6 – 12 vitamins with 100% will kill a small child
(The dose makes the poison.)
Fortification vs Enrichment
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Fortification - restores lost
nutrients due to processing
Enrichment – adds nutritional value to
meet a specific standard
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Old London
Restaurant Style Croutons. Seasoned
Sourdough.
Enriched Bread,
[Enriched Flour
(Flour,
Niacin,
Ferrous Sulfate,
Thiamin Mononitrate,
Riboflavin,
Folic Acid),
Water,
Yeast,
Sugar,
Salt,
Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil ,
Vinegar,
Ascorbic Acid]
Bean Oil with BHT added as a Dextrin
Enriched Uranium
“Enriched Uranium