Transcript UNIT 15
FEED NUTRIENTS UNIT 15 Nutrient Defined • A chemical element or compound that aids in the support of life. BD Concentrates • Animal feeds are typically classified in two categories • Concentrates: which include several cereal grains (corn, wheat, barley, oats, and milo), oil meals (soybean meals, linseed meal and cotton seed meal) molasses, and dried milk products • They are high in energy, low in fiber and highly digestible (80-90%) Oats: When an animal only consumes the seed. Roughages • Roughages: include legume hays, grass hays, and straws (by-products from the production of grass, grains and seed), also silage, and grazed forages • They are less digestible (50-65%), for straws it is much lower Oat Hay: When an animal consumes the seeds, leaves, and stalk. What is a Calorie? A basic unit of energy. The amount of energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius. 15.5 C Thermometer 14.5 C Nutrient Groups • Nutrients are divided into five groups • • • • • Energy nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and oils) Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water Description of Nutrient Groups Energy nutrients - Carbohydrates • The main energy nutrients found in animals rations are carbohydrates. • Carbohydrates contain carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen • CHO’s are made up of sugars, starches, cellulose, and lignin. • Simple CHO’s are sugar and starches referred to as Nitrogen Free Extracts (NFE) from cereal grains (corn, wheat, oats, and barley). Energy nutrients - Carbohydrates • Complex CHO’s called fiber are cellulose and lignin. Fiber is found mainly in roughages such as hay and pasture plants . • The dry weight of most roughages range from 65 to 80% CHO’s • Simple Carbohydrates such as starch supply the major energy source in feed Energy Nutrients - Fats and Oils • They are chemically composed of C, H, and O. They contain more C and H atoms then do carbohydrates. • Energy level of fats is higher then CHO. They have 2.25 times the energy of CHO. • Fats are solid at body temperature, and oils are liquid at body temperature. • Fats come from both vegetable and animal sources. Energy Nutrients - Fats and Oils • Certain fatty acids are saturated or unsaturated • Saturated fatty acids have single bonds tying the carbon atoms together (C-C-C-C-) • Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds (=C=C-C-C=) • The term polyunsaturated fatty acids is applied to those having more than one double bond Proteins • organic compounds made up of amino-acids • Amino Acids contain C, H, O and N also sulfur, phosphorus, and iron. • There are ten essential Amino Acids for swine, and thirteen are considered essential for poultry. • Non-essential Amino Acids are need by the animals but are synthesized in the body from other amino acids and therefore do not have to be provided in the ration for ether ruminant or non-ruminant animals. Proteins • Sources of Protein • Animal protein is considered good quality protein. • Plant protein is thought of as low quality protein because it lacks some of the essential amino acids. • Urea can be fed to ruminant animals as a source of protein. Urea is a synthetic nitrogen source which is manufactured from air, water, and carbon. • 69% of the crude protein in a roughage ration is considered to be digestible. • 75% of crude protein in a high-concentrate ration is considered to be digestible. Vitamins • Trace organic compounds • Fat soluble can be dissolved in fat. • Vitamin A - Healthy eyes, good conception rate, and disease resistance. • Vitamin D - bone development, mineral balance of blood. • Vitamin E - normal reproduction, muscle development. • Vitamin K - helps the blood to clot and prevents excessive bleeding. Vitamins • Water soluble can be dissolved in water. • Vitamin C - teeth and bone development and the prevention of infection. • B-Complex - improve appetite, growth and reproduction Minerals • Chemical elements other than C, H, O, N • Inorganic materials (because they contain no Nitrogen) needed in small amounts by animals • Minerals are divided into two groups (table 15.2) • Major (Macro) minerals - those needed in large amounts. • Trace (Micro) minerals - those needed in small amounts. • Major minerals which are often lacking: • Salt (Sodium Chlorine) (Na Cl) • Calcium • Phosphorus Minerals • Trace minerals which are often lacking: • • • • • • Iodine Manganese Copper Iron Zinc Colbolt Water • The amount of water in an animals range from 40 to 80%. • Function of water. • Dissolves nutrients to be digested • Controls body temperature • Carries nutrients to different parts of the animals body. • Remainder of the feed after water is removed is called dry matter Digestibility • Refers to the amount of various nutrients in a feed that are absorbed from the digestive tract. • Total Digestible Nutrient: The sum of all nutrients in a feed that are digested by the animal • Usually expressed in pounds, kilograms, or percentages • TDN is being replaced by Net Energy (NE) in many ration formulation systems • The calorie basis which measures the heat content of feed is as follows • Calorie (cal): the amount of energy or heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1ºC • Kilocalorie (kcal): amount of energy or heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1ºC • Megaclaorie (Mcal): equal to 1000 kilocalories or 1 million calories