Transcript m5zn_88639528955f1b2x

Immune system
Section : ‫المعمل الشرقي‬
gp : 401:417
Introduction
*the immune system is a system of biological structures
And processes within an organism that protects against disease
*Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune
diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less
active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening
infections. In human
Drugs affect the
immunity system
Immunostimulant Drugs
Immunosuppresive Drugs
Immunostimulent drugs
Natural origin
eg :Echinacea
Semi-synthetic
Synthetic
eg: immunocord
Immunosupprresive
drugs
*semiSynthetic
Azathioprine
*Synthetic
eg:
* cyto toxic drugs
*Cortico steriods
*Irradiation
*Lympholytic agent
Immunostimmulent
drugs
stimulates the body
into producing more
white blood cells
Immunosupprresive
drugs
Organ transplant
Treat autoimmune diseases or diseases
that are most likely of autoimmune
origin(e.g., rheumatoid arthritis,
multiple sclerosis, and ulcerative colitis).
It also stimulates the
release of interferons
Treat some other non-autoimmune
inflammatory diseases (e.g., long term
allergy ,asthma control).
1)Echinacea
9)Wild Blueberry
2)Astragalus
10)Curcuma longa
3) Himalaya Herbals
11) Green Tea
4)Garlic
12)Spirulina
5)Guduchi
13)Mushroom
6)Ginseng
14(Pineapple
7)South African Geranium
8)Nigella seed
15)wheat germ oil
16)olive
Echinacea
*origin:
**The dried rhizome, roots, or other part of any of three composite herbs (Echinacea
Angustifolia, E. Pallida and E. Purpurea)
Family: Asteraceae
*Part Used:
Flowerheads
*Active Constituents:
1)Poly saccharides : which is responsible for
stimulation of immunity system and founded a
lot in the upper part of the drug
2)Alkamides, Flavonoids and Polyacetylenes
3)Caffeic acid derivatives
4)Essential oil : which is founded a lot in the roots
*Uses:
1) Immune system stimulant
*Pharmaceutical application :
Comment:
Pharmacological Action:
*Echinacea stimulates the body into producing more white blood
cells. It also stimulates the release of interferons. These are
what the body uses as a fighting weapon
*Echinacea also helps to prevent bacteria from producing an
enzyme called hyaluronidase, which works through the
membrane, and invades the tissue
*Echinacea also has been known to destroy viruses, such as the
common cold
Side Effects:
*Echinacea may cause allergic reactions
and shortness of breath
Contraindications:
*People with leukemia, diabetes, connective tissue disorders,
multiple sclerosis and during pregnancy or breastfeeding
should not take Echinacea
Astragalus Herb
*Origin:
*The dried root of Perennial herb, Astragalus Membranaceus and
Astragalus Mongholicus , Family: Leguminosae ( Fabaceae ).
*Part Used:
*The roots
*Active Constituents:
1)Poly saccharides
2)Iso-flavonoid compounds
3)Saponins
4)Amino acids
5)Triterpene glycosides
*Uses
1)Strengthen and regulate the immune system
*Pharmaceutical application :
*Comment:
*Pharmacological Action:
stimulates immunity system by stimulation of macrophages, promotion
of antibodies formation and increasing
T-Lymphocyte proliferation
*Side Effects
In over dose it may be toxic
*Contraindications
It is contra-indicated in patients with autoimmune disease because it
could worsen the symptoms of auto-immune diseases
Septilin
*Origin:
Septilin from Himalaya Herbals is an ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation
Uses:
1)Septilin helps increase the effectiveness of protective white blood cells
thereby protecting the body against infection.
2)Septilin optimizes the body's immuno modulating mechanisms.
3)Septilin helps cope with modern allergens.
4)Septilin helps the body to strengthen its natural immunity.
5)Septilin helps build resistance.
6)Septilin is an ultimate health promoting product for all ages.
Main components:
1-Guggula
2-Liquorice:*is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra
from which a sweet flavour can be extracted.family fabaceae
*enhances immunostimulation and increases macrophage (white blood cells that
ingests antibodies) function in vitro. It is also an antiviral agent and an expectorant,
which is beneficial in asthma, acute or chronic bronchitis and chronic cough.
3-Guduchi:
*tinospora cordifolia, which is known by the common names
Guduchi and Giloy, is an herbaceous vine of the family Menispermaceae
*is a potent antimicrobial that has immunostimulatory properties, which helps in
increasing the level of antibodies. This helps in building up the body’s resistance to
infections.
4-guggula :is a flowering plant in the family Burseraceae.
(oleo gum resin )
Pharmaceutical applications
Comment:
Dosage:
Initially 2 tablets twice daily, followed by 1 tablet twice daily,
or as directed by your physician
Side effects and contraindications
1)Septilin is not known to have any side effects if taken as per the prescribed
dosage.
2)Larg doses might cause diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain, and skin rash. Some
users experienced mild gastrointestinal discomfort
3)Finally, as mentioned guggul is strictly contraindicated for use during pregnancy.
NB.
*not take more of this medication than is directed.
*Too much licorice could be dangerous. Also, do not take licorice
for longer than 6 weeks.
*The use of licorice at high doses (over 50 g per day) and/or for longer than 6
weeks may cause low blood levels of potassium, high blood levels of sodium,
water retention, increased blood pressure, heart problems, and blood problems.
Garlic
* origin:
The fresh or carefully dried consists of main bulb with secondary bulbs
(cloves)of allium sativum Family (alliaceae)
*Active constituents:
1)Volatile oil :sulpher containing compounds including
(Alliin , terpenes)
2)Enzymes
3)Protein , minerals and amino acids
*uses
1)Anti bacterial
2)anti-carcinogen in both prventation and treatment
3)Antioxident
4)Strengthen the immune system (Se,Gr,Zn and vitamins)
Pharmaceutical applications
Drug: Tomex plus tablet
Use : (to maintain vitality and activity
Composition
Each enteric-coated odorless tablet
contains:
Dry garlic powder 300 mg
Action &Properties :
Tomexplus :contains highly
concentrated garlic powder prepared
from organically grown garlic without
using chemical fertilizers or pesticides
Tomex plus has many health benefits
which has been known for many
countries and recommended by wise
men to ensure health and vitality
Dose : 23 tablets daily before breakfast
Side effects : Not known
Contraindications : Not known
*Comment:
*Side effects:
There are signs of an allergic reaction while taking garlic (the
active ingredient contained in Garlic Oil) as difficult breathing;
swelling of your face, lips, tongue ,burning in your mouth or
throat.
*Conrtaindicationds:
1)Therapeutic doses of garlic may interfere with existing
hypoglycaemic and coagulant therapies
2)Garlic may potentiate the antithrombotic effects of antiinflammatory drugs such as aspirin
3)Garlic should not be used prior surgery since it can
prolong bleeding time
*Origin:
Guduchi
Botanical name: Tinospora Cordifolia
Family: Meninspermaceae
Geographical origin: North and south India
*Part Used:
*Stem
*Active Constituents:
1)Diterpene compounds
2)Polyphenols
3)Polysaccharides, including
arabinogalactan polysaccharide
Uses:
1)Guduchi boosts the body's defense mechanism (immunity)
2)Guduchi helps in building the body's own defense mechanism (immune
system)
Pharmaceutical application :
Comment:
Pharmacological action:
*improves the phagocytic function without effecting the humoral or
cell mediated immune system
*It also induces macrophage activation as macrophages are known to
represent the first line of defense against invading microorganisms
*Caution:
1)Diabetic patient should be careful
2)Avoid during pregnancy and lactation
*Recommendations
*Clinical trials to support dosing are limited, with 300 mg of a
standardized aqueous Tinospora stem extract taken 3 times daily
for up to 6 months
Ginseng
*Origin:
*Dried roots of Panax Ginseng plant,
Family: Araliaceae
*Part used
*Root
*Active Constituents:
-Ginsenosides
-Rich in amino acids
-Minerals as: aluminum, arsenic, copper , iron
-Vitamin B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6) , vitamin C
Pharmaceutical application :
Comment:
Pharmacological action:
it stimulates the activity of immune cells in the body,
improve the effectiveness of antibiotics in people with acute bronchitis, and
enhance the body's response to influenza vaccines
Dosage: 800 mg to 2g per day depending on the individual's needs
Caution:
The dose should be decreased in case of increased blood
pressure
South African Geranium
*Origin::
Latin name: Pelargonium Sidoides DC
Family: Geraniaceae
Geographical origin: South Africa
Part Used:
Roots (dried)
Active Constituents:
1)Coumarins
2)Tannins of the proanthocyanidin type
3)Simple phenolic compounds
Uses:
1)Host immune stimulation
Pharmaceutical application :
Comment:
Contraindications:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to the excipient
Increased tendency to bleeding and risk of coagulation-inhibiting drugs
Severe hepatic and renal diseases
Pregnancy and lactation
Children < 6 years
Side Effects:
1) Gastro-intestinal complaints such as stomach pain, heartburn, nausea
or diarrhea may occur
2) In rare cases mild bleeding from the gingiva or nose may occur
Black seed ( Nigella seed )
*Origin:
*The dried ripe seed of Nigella Sativa,
Family: Ranunculaceae
*Part Used:
*Seeds
*Active Constituents:
1)volatile oil: 1.4% ;thymoquinone and its dimer are the major constituents
2)Fixed oil :
a)unsaturated fatty acids : oleic 23%, linoleic acid (omega 6),
linolenic acid (omega 3)
b)saturated fatty acid as myristic , palmitic acids
3)protein : composed of nine essential amino acids (not formed by the body)
and arginine (amino acid used for infant growth)
4)vitamins (B1, B2, B6) , minerals (Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu) , carbohydrates hexoses
and pentoses
*Uses:
1)Immunostimulant
Pharmaceutical application :
Comment:
Pharmacological Action:
*Expressed oil has immunostimulant activity, it stimulates the immune
system through stimulation of natural killer cells and phagocytic cells.
* The oil has antitumor activity due to stimulating the immune system
Side effects and toxicity:
In large quantity, the seeds induce abortion
Recommendations
1-2 soft-gel capsules twice or three times daily
Wild Blueberry
*Origin:
Dried ripe fruit of Vaccinum Angustifolium
Family: Rosaceae
Part Used:
Fruits
Active Constituents:
1)Anthocyanins
2)Flavonoid
3)Polysaccharide
4)Minerals
5)Vitamins
6)Tannins
Pharmaceutical application :
CranBlu active, 100 ml
Cranberry extract with particularly high content of proanthocyanidins (40 mg
per daily intake recommendation of 20 ml).
The extract of fresh cranberries is enriched with high concentrates of 13 herbs
and fruits. As a result, CranBlu is palatable and digestible.
CranBlue contains many natural proanthocyanidins (PAC) and vitamin C from
acerola cherry. Vitamin C supports the immune system and protects the cells
from oxidative stress.
CranBlu active, 100 ml - Product data
Food supplements - Cranberry special tonic
Ingredients: Aqueous plant extract (from hawthorn fruits, elderberries,
Pomeranzenschalen, lemon balm leaves, horsetail, green oat herb, rosemary
leaves, lemon grass, sage leaves, gentian root, wormwood, centaury), pear
juice concentrate, agave syrup, cranberry juice concentrate 2.5%,
Preiselbeersaftkonzentrat 2.5%, blueberry juice concentrate 2.3%,
Acerolasaftkonzentrat, proanthocyanidinreicher cranberry dry extract 2.2%,
coloring plant extract (from carrot and blueberry), stabilizer guar gum and
xanthan gum, natural flavor
Content is not chemically preserved.
per 100 ml amount per daily dose (20 ml)% of the reference amount * (per
daily dose)
Recommended dosage: 2 x daily in the morning and in the evening (with
enclosed measuring cup) drink before going to bed 10 ml and then a glass of
water or tea. Tastes very well diluted with 1/2 glass of mineral water.
Please close immediately after opening well and refrigerate. Once opened,
consume within 2 weeks. Keep out of the reach of small children.
Shake the bottle well before use.
.
Comment:
Pharmacological Action:
*Supports the macrophage activity, thus stimulating
the innate immune system
Special Precautions:
*Be careful with pregnant breast-feeding woman
Recommendations
*The appropriate dose of blueberry depends on several factors such as the
user's age, health, weight and several other conditions
Curcuma longa
Origin:
*The root-tuber of Curcuma Aromatica Salisb
Family: Zingiberaceae
Part Used:
*Dried rhizome
Active Constituents:
1)Curcuminoids, which include curcumin
2)Volatile oil
3)Brown colouring matter
4)Gum
5)Starch
6)Chloride of calcium
Uses
1)Immunomodulator and anti-inflammatory
Pharmaceutical application :
Gufic Imunocin Syrup
Indication
Natural health supplement to enhance the host defence
mechanism. Improve host defence mechanism singly and concomitantly
with anti-biotic therapy in
Upper and lower respiratory tract infections
Tuberculosis
Skin and soft tissue infections
Genito-urinary tract infections in female children
Enteric fever
Fever of unknown origin
Burns
Immuno-compromised conditions
Composition
Each 5 ml Syrup contains:
Extracts derived from
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) 135 mg
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)135 mg
Neem (Azadirachta indica)135 mg
Haridra (Curcuma longa) 65 mg
Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) 65 mg
Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) 55 mg
Pippali (Piper longum)10 mg
Syrup Base q.s.
Dosage
2 teaspoonfuls twice a day till symptomatic relief is obtained.
Comment:
Pharmacological Action:
*Curcumin modulates immune system by suppressing T-cells, proliferating number
of B-cells and reducing proliferation of immature B-cell lymphoma cells
*The herb may also benefit sufferers of inflammatory conditions such as
ulcerative colitis.
*Turmeric may help prevent, control or even kill several types of cancer including
breast, colon
Side Effects:
*large doses of turmeric may cause upset stomach
or in rare cases, ulcers
Contraindications:
*It shouldn’t be used in case of obstruction of biliary tracts
*Curcumin is also contraindicated in breast cancer patients treated
with cyclophosphamide until the significance of an in vivo model of breast cancer,
which found that curcumin reduced the tumour regression
effects of chemotherapy, is clarified
Green Tea
Origin:
The prepared leaves and leaf buds of camellia sinensis
Family: Theaceae
Part used :
Leaves , buds and stem .
Active constituents :
1.polyphenols
2.catechins
3. Alkaloids :caffeine
4.Volatile oil
5.Flavonoids
6.Triterpenoid saponins
Uses:
1)It has a positive effects on the immune system .
2)It prevent autoimmune disorders .
3) antioxidant .
Pharmaceutical application :
Comment:
Side effects :
1)headache
2)constipation
3)nervousness
Drug Interaction :
1)Diazepam
2)Lorazepam
special Precautions :
*It should be taken in small amounts During pregnancy
and breast feeding , about 2 cups per day .
Spirulina
*Spirulina is one type of blue-green algae
*It is very high in protein and is also a rich source of
essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals
Active Constituents:
*Protein
*Carbohydrates
*Vitamins: -Vitamin A (100% as Beta-Carotene)
-Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) - Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
-Vitamin B3 (Niacin) - Folic Acid
*Fatty acids: -Omega 6 -Omega 3
*Minerals: -Calcium -Magnesium -Zinc
-Iron
Uses:
1)Improve the ability of the immune system
Comment:
Pharmacological Action:
*Spirulina increases production of antibodies, infection-fighting proteins, and
other cells that improve immunity and help ward off infection and chronic
illnesses such as cancer
Side Effects:
*Contaminated blue-green algae(spirulina) can cause in large dose liver
damage stomach pain nausea vomiting, weakness
Contraindications :
*People with a metabolic condition called phenylketonuria (PKU)
should avoid taking Spirulina
*If you have an autoimmune disease, such as multiple sclerosis,
rheumatoid arthritis, or lupus, you should avoid Spirulina
Recommendations:
*Spirulina should be taken once a day, or in smaller doses,
multiple times per day
*It is not recommended to exceed the highest dose mentioned above, as no
clear benefits have been noted beyond that level.
Mushroom
Name:
*Ganoderma lucidum
Family: Polyporaceae
Common Name(s)
*Reishi , ling chih , lingzhi “ spirit plant ,”
Active Constituents:
1)complex of carbohydrates
2)amino acids
3)Ganoderic acids
4)Proteins
Uses:
1)anti-tumour, immune modulating
and blood pressure lowering effects.,
Pharmaceutical application :
Comment:
Dosing:
*The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China recommends
6 to 12 g reishi extract daily.
Ganopoly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) in doses
up to 5.4 g daily (equivalent to 81 g of the fruiting body) for 12 weeks
has been used in a few clinical trials.
Dosage
Traditional practitioners recommend 0.5 to 1 g daily, 2 to 5 g
daily for chronic illness, and up to G. lucidum 15 g extract
daily for serious illness.
Pineapple
Scientific Name(s): Ananascomosus
Family: Bromeliaceae
Common Name(s): Pineapple ,bromelain ,
Phlogenzym , Debridase
Uses
1)Anti-inflammitoryAntimicrobial
3)Immunomodulation
Pharmaceutical application :
Comment:
Contraindications
*Hypersensitivity to any of the components in pineapple. Cross-reaction with
honeybee venom, olive tree pollen, celery, cypress pollen, bromelain, and
papain have been reported.
Toxicology
*Bromelain ingestion is associated with a low incidence of adverse reactions,
including diarrhea, menorrhagia, nausea, skin rash, and vomiting. Angular
stomatitis/cheilitis can result from eating large amounts of the fruit.
*Bromelain has very low toxicity.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
1)Surgery: Bromelain might increase the risk of bleeding during and after
surgery. Stop using bromelain at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgey
2)Pregnancy and breast-feeding
3)Allergies: If you are allergic to pineapple, latex, wheat, celery, papain, carrot,
fennel, cypress pollen, or grass pollen, you might have an allergic reaction to
bromelain.
Wheat germ oil
*It consists of the pure ,cold pressed and refined fixed oil
from freshly ground wheat embryo
Active Constituents:
1)Vitamin E
2)Poly unsaturated fatty acids
Uses
1)Preserve integrity of all cells especially free cells of short life span
e.g:RBCs &WBCs so can be used in case anemia to increase immunity
LiquiVive
Pharmaceutical application :
Is a Whole Food Supplement and Contains NO
Gluten, Sucrose, Starch, Wheat, Yeast, Artificial
Colors,
Flavors or Sweeteners. 100% Natural and 100%
Vegetarian
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looking and
Comment:
side effects:
If you're allergic to wheat (eg. Celiac)
Iti s an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine
Dose:
One teaspoonfull daily
Olive Leaf
* the leaf has been used medicinally in various times and places.
Active Constituents:
1)Olive leaves contain high amounts of oleuropein
2)one of nature's most powerful antioxidants
Uses:
1)have a broad-range of immune-enhancing properties.
2)powerful antioxidant that can help give support to the healthy immune system,
cardiovascular system, and joints
Pharmaceutical application :
Product Description
Ingredients
Olive Leaf Extract
Directions
As a dietary supplement take one (1)
capsule 2 times a day before meals
with water
Olive Leaf Extract is derived from
the leaves of the Mediterranean
olive tree. This extract is
standardized for % Oleuropein, a
powerful phytonutrient
Indications:
Supports immune health
Head-to-toe antioxidant
Standardized to 15%
oleuropein
Comment:
Olive Oil Dosages
According to FDA, the daily olive oil dosage can be ranged from 25 mL to 40 mL and
8 g to 70 g without
reported side effects. Olive oil at dosages of 30 mL is usually used as a laxative.
Pregnancy/Lactation
Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used as food. Avoid dosages above
those found in food because safety and efficacy are unproven.
Contraindications
Contraindications have not been identified.
Interactions
None well documented.
Azathioprine
(semi synthetic)
Commerical name :imuran
Ingrediants:
*azathioprine
*lactose
*magnesiam stearate
*potato starch
Uses
1)is used after organ transplants to prevent the body from the transplanted
organ rejection
2) is used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases are self-such as
inflammation of the bowel disease
Comment:
side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic
reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or
throat.
Stop using azathioprine and call your doctor right away if you have any of
these symptoms of lymphoma:
1)fever, night sweats, weight loss, tiredness;
2)feeling full after eating only a small amount;
3)pain in your upper stomach that may spread to your shoulder;
4) pale skin, feeling light-headed or short of breath, rapid heart rate; or
nausea
precautions
* Before taking azathioprine, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic
to it, or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive
ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems..
‫‪ )401(‬سيف الدين أحمد‬
‫‪Ginseng‬‬
‫‪ )402(‬شاهندة جمال محمود ) ‪Black seed ( Nigella seed‬‬
‫‪Septilin‬‬
‫‪ )403(‬شاهيناز على مكاوي‬
‫‪Spirulina‬‬
‫‪ )404(‬شروق عشماوي‬
‫‪Green Tea‬‬
‫‪ )405(‬شروق عالء‬
‫‪South African Geranium‬‬
‫‪ )406( ‬شروق فريد‬
‫‪Olive Leaf‬‬
‫‪ )407(‬شروق محمد حسن‬
‫‪Pineapple‬‬
‫‪ )408(‬شروق محمد عبد الحميد‬
‫‪Garlic‬‬
‫‪ )409(‬شروق محمد مصطفى‬
‫‪Mushroom‬‬
‫‪ )410(‬شريف عبدالفتاح‬
‫‪Wild Blueberry‬‬
‫‪ )411(‬شيرين عبدهللا عبدالقوي‬
‫‪Echinacea‬‬
‫‪ )412(‬شريهان محي الدين‬
‫‪Azathioprine‬‬
‫‪ )413(‬شيري اسحاق فريج‬
‫‪)414(‬شيرين محمود صالح‬
‫‪ )415(‬شيماء ابراهيم محمد‬
‫‪ )416(‬شيماء احمد سالمة‬
‫‪ )417(‬شيماء بهاء محمد‬
‫‪Curcuma longa‬‬
‫‪Wheat germ oil‬‬
‫‪Astragalus Herb‬‬
‫‪Guduchi‬‬
*http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fmedicine
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f-Immunity-Booster-Cid178&h=hAQGnJib5
2.Black AJ, Mc Leod HL, Capell HA, Powrie RH, Matowe LK, Pritchard SC, et al
Thiopurine methyltransferase genotype predicts therapy-limiting severe toxicity
from azathioprine. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:716-8.
*Herbal medicines
*pharmacognosy 3 (204)
*pharmacognosy 2 (204)
*PDR herbal medicines
-German Commission E Monograph, Ginseng radix
-Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China
Clinical aspects of immunology by fachmann peteres part 2
*