Transcript Krzysztof Krajewski Jagiellonian University Department of

Krzysztof Krajewski
Jagiellonian University
Department of Criminology
Krakow - Poland
Gaps in the knowledge base –
evidence in the criminal justice
system and its implementation in
practice
Conference
Identifying Europe’s information needs for effective drug policy
Lisbon, 6 – 8 May, 2009
Basic question
To evaluate drug policies in any country, it is important
to have information on three aspects of these policies:
1)
to what extent criminal law and criminal justice
interventions are directed towards supply of drugs and
to what extent towards demand for drugs;
2)
to what extent criminal law and criminal justice
interventions regarding demand constitute either
purely repressive interventions, or involve also
alternative measures intended to divert offending drug
users to the treatment system;
3)
what are the reasons for eventual different patterns;
2
Indexed trends in reports for drug-related offences by broad type
of offence in the EU Member States 2002–07
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Figure DLO-1
180
140
132
129
114
100
All reports (976999)
Use-related reports (703309)
Supply-related reports (184841)
60
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
3
Offences type in reports for drug law offences in Europe
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Figure DLO-2
2007 - Belgium(n=37867)
2007 - Bulgaria(n=3947)
2007 - Czech Republic(n=2031)
2005 - Denmark(n=19526)
2007 - Germany (n=248355)
2007 - Estonia(n=7039)
2006 - Ireland(n=14830)
2007 - Greece(n=15247)
2007 - Spain(n=278797)
2007 - France(n=134320)
2006 - Italy (n=68370)
2007 - Cy prus(n=878)
2007 - Latv ia(n=3966)
2007 - Lithuania(n=1734)
2006 - Luxembourg(n=282)
2007 - Malta(n=630)
2007 - Netherlands(n=19269)
2007 - Austria(n=24166)
2007 - Poland(n=63007)
2007 - Portugal(n=11946)
2007 - Romania(n=2749)
2007 - Slov enia(n=3720)
2007 - Slov akia (n=644)
2007 - Finland (n=16314)
2007 - Sweden (n=21752)
2006 - United Kingdom (n=123967)
2007 - Croatia (n=7952)
2005 - Turkey (n=13229)
2005 - Norway (n=9707)
0%
25%
Use-related offences
Supply-related offences
50%
75%
Use and supply-related offences
100%
Other type of offences
4
Proportion of cannabis related offences in reports for drug law offences
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Table DLO-3
90
82,8
80,4
77,3
80
73,4
70,5
70
66,4
65,2
60
60
59
56,6
56,1 55,4
52,2
50
51,9
49,6
49,2
47,6
40
36,1
33
28,5
30
21 21,4
20
5
UK
Turkey
Sweden
Spain
Slovenia
Slovakia
Romania
Portugal
Poland
Norway
Netherlands
Malta
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Latvia
Italy
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Estonia
Denmark
Czech Rep.
Cyprus
Croatia
Bulgaria
Belgium
0
Ireland
10
Indexed trends in reports for drug law offences by type of drug in
the EU Member States 2002–07
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Figure DLO-3
200
159
150
123
107
100
Cannabis (566945)
Heroin (85296)
50
Cocaine (104801)
Amphetamine (42302)
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
6
Indexed trends in reports for drug law offences related to drug use
or possession for use in the EU Member States 2002–07
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Figure DLO-4
200
160
150
124
117
100
Cannabis use (466626)
Heroin use (49185)
50
Cocaine use (69558)
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
7
Selection mechanisms in the criminal justice system:
„funnel model”
Input: number of really
committed offences
Output:number of reported
(registered) offences
Output: number of
prosecutions
Output: number of
convictions
Output: number of people
serving prison term
8
Tasks for the future
• it may be worth effort to learn more about and to attempt
to explain significant differences in outcomes of the
selection mechanism and criminal justice interventions
between European countries;
• however, this may be difficult without certain data being
available throughout Europe on the national level;
• targeted data collection and specific research projects
may be necessary here;
9
Drug offences rates in European countries (2007)
Rates per 100 th. inhabitants
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations
700
627
600
524
500
400
358
339 333
309 301
291 288
300
239
212 207 204
200
185 179 174
165
136
118 116 113 113
100
51 51
18 15 13 12
10
Slovakia
Romania
Turkey
Czech Rep.
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Portugal
Cyprus
Italy
Netherlands
Greece
Poland
Latvia
Croatia
Slovenia
UK
Norway
France
Sweden
Luxembourg
Austria
Germany
Finland
Ireland
Denmark
Belgium
Estonia
Spain
0
Drug use related offences rates in European countries (2007)
Rates per 100 th. inhabitants
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations
600 570
500
446
400
307
300
252 251
226
210 208
197
178
108
64 63 62
36 34 29
14
9
7
7
2
11
Czech Rep.
78
Slovakia
89
100
Romania
130 124
Turkey
150 142
Luxembourg
200
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Italy
Greece
Portugal
Norway
Cyprus
Poland
Croatia
Latvia
UK
Slovenia
France
Finland
Germany
Sweden
Belgium
Austria
Ireland
Denmark
Estonia
Spain
0
Drug supply related offences rates in European countries (2007)
Rates per 100 th. inhabitants
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations
140
129
122
120
111
100
81
80
78 78
70
57 55 55
54
60
51
35 34 33
25 23 23
22 22
20
18 17 16
10
8
5
5
Slovakia
28
Romania
40
Bulgaria
Turkey
France
Czech Rep.
Latvia
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Portugal
Cyprus
Austria
Sweden
Greece
UK
Slovenia
Denmark
Italy
Croatia
Poland
Spain
Ireland
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
Finland
Belgium
Norway
0
12
Drug offences rates in European countries (2007)
- ranking according to the overall rate
Rates per 100 th. inhabitants
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Overall drug offences
Use related offences
Supply related offences
13
Slovakia
Romania
Turkey
Czech Rep.
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Luxembourg
Portugal
Cyprus
Italy
Netherlands
Greece
Poland
Latvia
Croatia
Slovenia
UK
Norway
France
Sweden
Austria
Germany
Finland
Ireland
Denmark
Belgium
Estonia
Spain
0
Drug offences rates in European countries (2007)
- ranking according to the use related offences rate
Rates per 100 th. inhabitants
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Overall drug offences
Use related offences
Supply related offences
14
Czech Rep.
Slovakia
Romania
Turkey
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Italy
Greece
Portugal
Norway
Cyprus
Poland
Croatia
Latvia
UK
Slovenia
France
Finland
Germany
Sweden
Belgium
Austria
Ireland
Denmark
Estonia
Spain
0
Drug offences rates in European countries (2007)
- ranking according to the supply related offences rates
Rates per 100 th. inhabitants
Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Overall drug offences
Use related offences
Supply related offences
15
Slovakia
Romania
Bulgaria
Turkey
France
Czech Rep.
Latvia
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Portugal
Cyprus
Austria
Sweden
Greece
UK
Slovenia
Denmark
Italy
Poland
Croatia
Spain
Ireland
Germany
Estonia
Netherlands
Finland
Belgium
Norway
0
Preliminary conclusions
• law enforcement effort in most countries seems to
concentrate on the use related offences;
• this is especially visible in some countries ranked quite
low on supply related offences, but being champions in
use related offences rates, and because of this also
champions in general drug offences rates;
• more precise knowledge is highly desirable about
reasons for this pattern;
• this may be of great importance for evaluating impact of
the law enforcement effort on various aspects of the drug
problem;
16
Drug offences rates and conviction rates for drug offences
in European countries (2003)
Rates per 100 th. inhabitants
Source: European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics, Third Edition
700
610
600
561
500
400
288
300
262
258
207
197
172
87
Convictions
17
7
Romania
8
Albania
27
Bulgaria
26
Georgia
22
Slovakia
16 22
Lithuania
Portugal
29
Czech Rep.
Offences
Poland
Italy
France
Mean
Austria
Netherlands
Ukraine
Germany
Croatia
UK
Ireland
Iceland
Sweden
Finland
Switzerland
0
55
33
Hungary
44 54
Slovenia
78
Greece
78
100
143
139
128
123
Moldova
200
Drug offences rates and convictions rates for drug trafficking offences
in European countries (2003)
Rates per 100 th. inhabitants
Source: European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics, Third Edition
120
103
100
80
67
60
50
42
40
31
29
27
18
17
20
14
9
3
2
1
18
Croatia
Albania
Poland
Germany
Slovakia
Slovenia
Portugal
Austria
Convictions
Czech Rep.
Offences
France
Mean
UK
Switzerland
Ireland
0
Preliminary conclusions
• attrition rate (difference between registered offences rate
and convictions rate) seems to be huge in case of some
countries;
• this suggests that many registered drug offences are
never prosecuted, and it never comes to conviction for
them;
• as this rate seems to be generally lower in case of
supply related offences, it may mean that use related
cases are mostly responsible for that phenomenon;
• it is highly desirable to know why is it so: are these cases
just dropped off for some reasons, or are they diverted to
be dealt with in other way?
19
Conclusion
• gaps in the knowledge about criminal justice
interventions in case of drug offences seem to
be quite substantial throughout Europe;
• because of this the need to collect more data
and to conduct research in this area seems to be
especially acute!
20
Thank you for your
attention!