Transcript Chapter Nine

Chapter Nine:
Rejecting Tobacco Use
(c) 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tobacco Use in American Society
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Since 1994, the population of smokers has declined
(22.5% of adults smoke daily)
Men (25.2%) smoke more than women (20%)
College students smoke less than year 2000
Ethnicity, socioeconomics, education, and
demographics are often factors that influence
smoking
Other Demographic Factors
Influencing Tobacco Use
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Age groups
Region of the country
Size of the community
Employment status
Pipe and Cigar Smoking
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Fallacies still exist with regards to pipe/cigar
use
Pipe/cigar smokers have the same rate of
cancer frequency as cigarette smokers with:
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Mouth
Larynx
Throat
Esophagus
Development of Dependence
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Dependence: physical and/or psychological
need to continue the use of the drug
Physical dependence due to:
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Titration: particular level of a drug within the
body; adjusting the level of nicotine by adjusting
the rate of smoking
Theories of
Nicotine Addiction
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Genetic theory – 60% of addiction is based upon this
influence
Bolus theory – ball of nicotine reaches brain, causing
excitement
Adrenocorticotropic hormone theory (ACTH) –
release of beta endorphins delivers euphoric effect
Self-Medication theory – nicotine via dopamine “lifts
spirits”
Acute Effects of Nicotine on the
CNS
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Arousal of nicotine allows norepinephrine, dopamine,
acetylcholine, serotonin release
CNS is depressed within the brain which stimulates
areas within the heart, lungs, blood flow
Psychosocial Factors Related to
Dependence
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Modeling
Manipulation
Susceptibility to Advertising
The Source of Physiologically Active
Compounds
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Particulate phase (small particle compounds)
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nicotine
water
tar (phenol, cresol, benzo pyrene, DDT)
Many of these chemicals are considered carcinogens
Sources of Physiologically Active
Compounds, cont’d
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Gaseous phase (gas compounds)
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carbon monoxide (CO)
carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, isopyrene,
acetone, etc.
Many of these chemicals are considered carcinogens
Selected Health Effects of
Cigarette Smoking (Table 9-3)
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Lung disease
Cancer risk
Heart disease
Peripheral Vascular disease
Skin changes
Orthopedic problems
Rheumatologic problems
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Male Infertility
Depression
Neurological disorders
Endocrine system problems
GI tract diseases
Immune system
Oral Health
Complications in OB/GYN
Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking
and the Following Conditions
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Cardiovascular Disease and Carbon Monoxide
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Impairment of oxygen transport
Cardiovascular Disease and Nicotine
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Myocardial infarction risk
Sudden cardiac death risk
Development of Angina
Increase of Platelet Adhesiveness
Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking
and the Following Conditions, cont.
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Cancers
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Lung
Mouth
Throat
* Damage to the lining (mucus, cilia) increase compounds
that bring direct contact upon the tissues
What are COPD’s?
(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders)
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Chronic Bronchitis (inflammation/infection of air
passageways)
Pulmonary Emphysema (destruction of the alveoli)
Smoking and Reproduction
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Infertility
Problem pregnancies
Breastfeeding
Oral contraceptive use relationship
Gateway drug concept with alcohol use
Passive Smoke
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Mainstream (smoke inhaled by smoker)
Sidestream (smoke from the burning product)
Environmental smoke (diluted smoke in the air)
Sidestream smoke contains 85% of harmful substances
New Product Development
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Eclipse (cigarette that heats vs. burns tobacco)
Accord (cigarette that reduces sidestream
smoke)
Advance, Omni, and Quest: cigarettes that
have ‘trionic” filters which reduce carcinogen
exposure
Non-tobacco sources of nicotine products e.g.
suckers, gums, straws, sprays, drops, etc.
Smoking Cessation
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Nicotine products (patch, gum, inhaler)
Medications (anti-depressants)
Inhalation sprays
Hypnotism
Chapter Nine:
Rejecting Tobacco Use
(c) 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.