Transcript CH15 Child Development - St. Edwards University

CHAPTER 15
Physical Development
&
Health
A Developmental Transition
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Initiation
Coming of Age Rituals: Common
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Example: Apache Tribes, 4-Day Chanting
Celebration
Passage of ChildhoodAdulthood
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Marked by period of time rather than a singleevent
ADOLESCENCE (encompassing years
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“Developmental transition involving physical, cognitive,
emotional and social transformations”
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between 11-19)
Changes can vary by factors (cultural, social, economic)
Puberty: Important physical change
A Time of Risks and Opportunities
 Early
Adolescence (approximately ages 11-14)
 Opportunities
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Of course Physical, but don’t forget these….
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Cognitive and Social Competence, Autonomy, SelfEsteem and Intimacy.
 Period
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for Growth
of RISKS
Some adolescents may need help:
coping&dealing w/changes
Face environmental hazards –National Center of
Health Statistics
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Risky BX reflects Immaturity of the Mind
Puberty Begins w/ Hormonal
Changes
 Involves
dramatic biological changes
 Result of heightened production
 II
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Stages
Adrenarche: Adrenal gland
Gonadarche: Reproductive organs
Stage I
 Adrenarche: (beginning age 7-8)
 Adrenal
Glands: secrete increased levels of
ANDROGENS
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Specifically: DHEA – Dehydroepiandrosterone
DHEA
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Plays a part in many different growths
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Body Hair (P,A,F)
Overall Body Growth
Oilier Skin
AND, best of all…. Body Odor
Stage II
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Maturation of sex organs triggers burst numero 2
of DHEA production (rising to adult levels)
Gonadarche
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Girls: Ovaries increase Estrogen output
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Boys: Testes increase manufacture of androgens
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Particularly Testosterone
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Stimulates growth of : Female genitals, breasts and pubic and ax. hair.
Genitals, muscle mass, and body hair.
Note: Hormones present in both genders but one has
more than the other.
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Testosterone: Plays part in the development of reproductive organs, in both males
and females.
Interesting note: Several Studies (first sexual
attraction)
Time of Increased Hormonal
Production…
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Correlates with appropriate body fat
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Necessary for reproduction (successfully)
Leptin, a hormone identified as having a role
in over-weight, may trigger the onset of
puberty by signaling the brain that sufficient
fat has accumulated.
Accumulation within bloodstream may stimulate the
HYPOTHALAMUS
Sending signals to Pituitary gland signal sex glands to increase
hormone secretion.
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Timing, Signs, and Sequence
of Puberty and Sexual Maturity
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Changes that herald puberty  8 in girls and
9 in boys
Pubertal
Process- Usually 3-4
years
African and Mexican
American girls enter puberty
earlier than white girls.
Reported as early as age 6.
Primary/Secondary Sex
Characteristics
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Primary Sex Characteristics: Organs Necessary for
Reproduction
 Girls: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, clitoris, uterus, and
vagina.
 Boys: Testes, Penis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, and
prostate gland
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Organs enlarge and mature for both sexes
Secondary Sex Characteristics: Physiological signs
of sexual maturation that do not directly involve the sex
organs
 Example: Girls: Breasts
Male: Broad shoulders
**Changes unfold in a sequence that is much
more consistent than their timing.
1st Signs of Puberty
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Girls: Typically breast tissue and pubic hair
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Nipples, Areolae, Conical Round Shape
Boys: Enlargement of testes and pubic hair
Pubic hair- silky, smooth dark, coarse; voice
Adolescent Growth Spurt- characterized by a
rapid increase in height, weight, and muscle and
bone growth that occurs during puberty.
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Begins around….and lasts about 2 years.
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Girls: age 10; Boys: 12 or 13
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G: Taller, heavier and stronger than boys at ages 11-13
***After their growth spurt, boys are again larger, as before
Signs of Sexual Maturity
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Maturation: Menstruation and Sperm Production
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Menarche and Spermarche
Spermarche
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Occurs at AVG age of 13.
Wet Dream= Nocturnal Emmission
Connection with Erotic Dreams
EJACULATION
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Menarche
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Occurs late in seq. of female development
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Time varies: 10-16 ½
Overtime, 1st menstruation has occurred progressively earlier
 Age 14 in 1900 compared to age 12, currently.
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Secular Trend p425
MENSTURATION
Psychological Effects of
Early/Late Maturation
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Time of Maturation tends to predict:
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Boys: Prefer to mature early, resulting in high self-esteem,
poise, composure, relaxation, good-natured along with a
popular/less impulsive attitude than late maturers. 426
Girls: Prefer maturation occurrence in conjunction with their
peers. If not, may tend to be less sociable, less expressive,
and less poised; more introverted and shy; and more
negative about menarche than later maturing girls.
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Adolescent Mental Health & Mental-Health Bx in adulthood
Low self-esteem can arise from the formation of breasts
**Among both boys and girls, early maturers are more
vulnerable to risky behavior and influence of deviant peers.
Adolescent Brain
Studies reveal adolescent brain as still being a work in progress.
Dramatic changes in brain structure involved with
-emotion
-judgment
-organization of bx
-self-control
.. Can take place during puberty
-Usage of particular parts of the brain within adolescence
compared to adulthood may provide insight on why adolescents’
make unwise choices Immature brain development <pg427>
-After growth spurt, the portion of grey matter located within the
pre-frontal cortex is significantly smaller, due to synaptic pruning.
unused: destroyed
used: strengthened
Physical and Mental Health
 Exercise
affects both physical and mental
health of adolescent.
 Lots
of benefits in sport participation
 Health problems reduced
 1/3 Hschoolers don’t engage in enough p.a.
 Loss
of Sleep insomnia due to sleep
patterns
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Melatonin
Nutrition and Eating Disorders
 Obesity
is a significant problem- pg 430
 Sometimes the determination not to
become overweight can yield additional
problems
 Body
Image Problems and Media and Social
Influences <431>
- Anorexia Nervosa/ Bulimia Nervosa
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Abnormal food-intake patters
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Including constant use of laxatives, erratic eating, selfstarvation, binge eating, etc.
Anorexia Nervosa
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Typically beginning in Adolescence, characterized
by an obsessive preoccupation with being thin.
Anorexics: 15 below NBW, have a distorted body
image and think they’re fat.
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2 Types (R&P)
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(1) Self-starvation, often accompanied by compulsive,
excessive exercise.***
(2) binge eating, purging or both along with laxatives.****
-Highest death-rate/suicide rate of any mental
disorder.
Wear and tear on body medical complications
Bulimia Nervosa
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In bulimia Nervosa, a person regularly goes on
huge eating binges within a short time, usually
2 hours or less, and then may try to undo the
high caloric intake with self-induced vomiting,
strict dieting or fasting, excessively vigorous
exercise, or laxatives, enemas, or diuretics to
purge the body.
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Not abnormally underweight (may even be
overweight)
More common than anorexia (3%men/women)
Little evidence of bulimia historically
Obsessed with their weight and shape.
Use and Abuse of Drugs
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Substance abuse: harmful use of alcohol or other
drugs
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Can lead to substance dependence (addiction)
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Addictive drugs are especially dangerous in
adolescence bc they stimulate pars of brain that are
changing in adolescence
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Physiological
Psychological, or both.
Negatively impacting development of child
Risk factors: difficult temperament; poor impulse
control and a tendency to seek out sensation; family
influences (genetic predisposition) ; early and
persistent bx problems (particularly aggression);
academic failure.
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-Early use leads to greater tendency for drug abuse
Influences on Smoking/Drinking
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As with hard drugs, the influence of older
siblings and their friends increases the
likelihood of tobacco and alcohol use in
younger adolescents.
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Counteracted by:
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Rational Discussion with Parents
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Discouraging or limiting drinking
Media Influences
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Depictions of smoking/drinking and other drug
use increase and influence likelihood of
adolescent participation in such acts
Depression
 Characterized
by irritability, boredom
and/or inability to experience pleasure.
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Subject to Depression : Girls> Boys
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During Maturation
Risk Factors:
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 1:5
Anxiety, fear of social contact, stressful life events, chronic
illnesses such as diabetes or epilepsy, parent-child conflict,
abuse or neglect, alcohol and drug use, sexual activity,
and having a parent w/ history of depression.
Bipolar (mania, depressive)
Death in Adolescence
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2006: 71% of adolescent death (ages 10-24) due
to
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Motor vehicle crashes, homicide, unintentional
injuries, and suicide.
Suicide- readily available guns
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Generally, boys 5X more successful
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GLBT- unusually high suicide rates and attempted suicide rates
Young people engaging in suicidal acts have
histories of emotional illness, typically.
Can be reduced by the presence of: sense of
connectedness to family and school, emotional
well-being, and academic achievement.
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Telephone Hotlines- Common Intervention
Protective Factors: Health in
Context
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Study of 12,118
 7-12th Graders- looked at risk/protective
factors affecting four major aspects of
adolescence.
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Emotional Distress and Suicidal Bx
Involvement in fighting, threats of violence, or use of
weapons
Use of cigarettes, alcohol and Marijuana
Sexual experience, including age of sexual initiation and
any history of pregnancy.
Adolescence who get emotional support at home
and are well-adjusted at school have the best
chances of avoiding the health hazards of
adolescence