Transcript Drugsclass - Liberty Union High School District

Drugs
Mr. Carr
Drugs & Kids
90
Alcohol
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80
Marijuana
70
stimulants
60
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50
Cocaine
40
hallucin.
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30
tranquil.
20
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barbiturates
10
0
Nothing
1st Qtr
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Stats on Seniors
during the past
12 months:
85% drank alcohol
40% smoked marijuana
25% used “stimulants”
10% used cocaine
10% used hallucinogens
or tranquilizers or both
5% used barbiturates
only 5-10% used
nothing
Drug Use Facts
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40-50 Million Americans Regularly Use Drugs Other
Than Alcohol
Marijuana…20 million
Cocaine…8-20 million
Prescription Drugs…6 million
Hallucinogens…1 million
Heroin…500,000
70% of all drug abusers are employed
Definition of a Drug
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The definition we will use:
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Drugs are any substances which can impair a
persons ability to function normally or operate a
motor vehicle safely
This would include
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Any drug you can think of
Canned air
 Methamphetamine
 Freon
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Homeostasis
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It is a dynamic balance
(steady state) involving
levels of
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A meth user & homeostasis
Salts
Water
Sugars
Etc
Homeostasis
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Every organ system plays a role in the maintenance of
homeostasis. For example, the:
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circulatory system keeps body fluids well mixed,
nervous system integrates the functioning of all the other
systems.
Neurotransmitters & Their
Function
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Dopamine & Norepinephrine
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muscle tone
stimulation
energy
motivation
eating
attention span
pleasure
Endorphin
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pain relief & endurance
What Drugs Do To The Body
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Drugs may mimic, block, speed up or slow
down the body’s natural hormones and
neurotransmitters
drugs interfere with the messages transmitted by
the neurotransmitters
When Drugs Can Be Used
Therapeutically
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Produce simulation of a natural chemical to
make up for a deficit
Example #1
a cup of coffee in the morning attempts to reverse
the effects of the parasympathetic nerves that urge
us to go back to sleep
 caffeine is a stimulant. It mimics chemicals
stimulating the sympathetic nerves
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When Drugs Can Be Used
Therapeutically (continued)
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Example #2
after a stressful day a person can’t sleep. He drinks a
glass of wine to activate the parasympathetic nerves
 alcohol is a depressant. It mimics chemicals
stimulating the parasympathetic nerves
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What is the Effect on the Body?
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Introducing a drug upsets the body’s dynamic
chemical balance
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the body’s natural tendency is homeostasis
body will alter its own supply of natural
chemicals to accommodate the outside drug
now in the system, by not producing these
chemicals the body will stop
What is the Effect on the Body?
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Example #1
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a person may become dependent on coffee to wake
up and wine to go to sleep
Example #2
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when a drug, such as cocaine, is taken , the body
reacts by triggering chemical responses that try to
depress body functions
Counteracting Drugs
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The body produces hormones and
neurotransmitters to counteract a drug in the
system
Example:
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individual snorts cocaine. Stimulates the body. Body
reacts by triggering parasympathetic nerves to
depress body functions
Upside & Downside of a Drug
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Upside
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the initial high caused by a drug and subsequent
counteracting hormone and neurotransmitter
production by the body
Downside
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drug effects fade, but the counteracting effects of
the body are still present and produce opposite
effects to those of the drug
Negative Feedback
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When the drug is removed from the body, the
lack of the production of natural chemicals
causes a deficiency and withdrawal
Negative Feedback
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Example:
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when narcotic analgesic drugs are used over a long
period of time, the body stops making the natural
opiates, the endorphin and encephalon's. When
narcotic analgesics are withdrawn from the body, the
body experiences physical withdrawal symptoms
Drug Tolerance
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Body relies on drugs to produce effects
normally achieved by the body’s own hormones
and neurotransmitters
it takes more and more of a drug to attain the
same effect on the body
body becomes physically addicted to drug
withdrawal symptoms are present if drug is not
always in the system
Drug Tolerance (continued)
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Tolerance is affected by
frequency of use
 dosage
 length of use
 method of usage
 strength of the drug
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Opiates
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a category of drugs called narcotic
analgesics which can be synthetic or natural
used to relieve pain and effect a
comparatively weak general CNS depression
(sedation)
very addictive; can produce withdrawal
symptoms when stopped after chronic
administration
opiates:
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opioids:
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Demerol
methadone
Darvon
morphine
codeine
heroin
Vicodin
Percodan
Opiates
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Introduction
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Sources
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Opiates are very addictive drugs which are narcotic pain relievers. They produce
withdrawal signs and symptoms when the drug is stopped after chronic use and
suppress withdrawal signs and symptoms when re-administered.
Opiates come from two sources:
opium poppy plant (morphine, codeine, heroin), and
synthetic manufacturers (Demerol, methadone, dilaudid, Vicodin, Percodan).
NOTE: The human body produces endorphins, which have similar qualities to
opiates, i.e., relieves pain naturally.
One of the most commonly abused opiates is heroin. Heroin is made from
morphine, which is made directly from opium.
Slang Terms
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china white
smack
negra
black
tar
chiva
junk
H
horse
china
boogers
Heroin Appearance
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varies (often white/tan)
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consistency of a coarse
face powder
crystalline but not shiny
little or no odor
color varies with exposure
and adulterant (cutting
agent)
Heroin Appearance
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brown
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consistency varies from
tiny pebbles to coarse
face powder
acetic acid (vinegar-like)
odor
color varies from dark
gummy brown to tan
Heroin Appearance
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tar
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consistency of black or
brown tar
acetic acid (vinegar-like)
odor
Heroin Appearance
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red rock
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small red rocks
heroin combined with
barbital strychnine and
caffeine
Heroin Packaging
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Heroin is packaged
depending on how it is
sold and varies by area.
wholesale
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plastic bag (multi-ounces)
prophylactics (ounces)
wrapped in electrical tape
(color is regional)
Heroin Packaging
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Retail
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prophylactics (multigrams)
balloons (multi- and
partial grams)
paper, plastic, cellophane
bags
tinfoil
preloaded syringes
Method of Use
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The common methods for taking heroin
include:
injection (most common),
 intranasal (snorted as a powder or liquid),
 inhalation (smoked), and
 orally (swallowed or mixed with water and consumed
as a liquid).
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Smoking
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There are two ways a
user smokes opiates:
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heroin is smoked by using
tinfoil, referred to as
“chasing the dragon,” and
opium is smoked by using
an opium pipe.
Injection Equipment
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The equipment (or outfit/rig) used for
injecting heroin may include:
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matches,
water,
spoon, bottle cap, soda can bottom (or
other instrument that can be used as a
cooker),
hypodermic needle (e.g., insulin
syringes),
small amount of cotton/cigarette filters
(used as strainer),
tourniquet (e.g., a belt or necktie), and
handkerchief (to wrap the outfit to
conceal it).
(snorting)
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The equipment used for
snorting may include:
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straw,
plastic pen casing,
nasal sprayer, and
syringe (used to spray
liquid)
Influence Cornerstones
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Pulse- slow
HGN- not present
Romberg Stand- slow
Pupil size- constricted
Reaction to light- slowed
DAR Cornerstones
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Blood pressure- down
Temperature- down
Respirations- shallow
muscle tone- near normal to flaccid
General Indicators
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droopy eyelids (eyelids to top of pupils)
nodding off or drowsiness,
slow breathing,
slow deliberate speech or low raspy voice,
injection sites/puncture wounds,
profuse itching/scratching,
dry skin and mouth,
muscle tone relaxation,
euphoria, and/or
cold extremities.
Sources of Supply
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Currently, the sources of
supply for heroin include:
Mexico and South America,
Southeast Asia (the Golden
Triangle: Burma, Laos,
Thailand), and
Middle East/Southwest Asia
(Pakistan, Afghanistan,
Turkey).
Stimulants-Introduction
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Stimulants increase the activity of the brain and other parts of
the central nervous system by temporarily increasing the body’s
functional activity.
A synthetic stimulant is a controlled substance that is made up of a
combination of ingredients that are not of natural origin.
An organic stimulant is a controlled substance that is made from a
plant. The principle active ingredient of cocaine is derived from
the coca plant, grown primarily in Central and South America.
Cocaine is the strongest stimulant of natural origin.
Stimulant slang terms
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Methamphetamine/amphetamine
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Crank
crystal
Meth
speed
Wire
go fast
rice
Batu
glass
Shabu
ice
Stimulant slang terms
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prescription stimulants (i.e.,
Ritalin, Phentermine,
Dexadrine,
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beans - pink hearts
whites – bennies
mini - phen-phen
black beauties
Stimulant slang terms
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Cocaine base
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rock
free base (base)
Crack
2-0
Stimulant slang terms
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Cocaine HCL (powder)
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Blow
white girl
Snow
blanca
2
coca
nose candy
Appearance & Packaging Synthetic
Stimulants
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Methamphetamine and amphetamine
 Powder or crystal form
 Small plastic bags or bindles
 Foil
Appearance & Packaging of Cocaine
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Cocaine is most frequently seen in a base form
(rock) or as a powder (HCL), and it is odorless.
Its physical characteristics can vary with region
and trend.
Cocaine can be packaged using a variety of
methods depending on the amount.
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Kilo or ½ kilo
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Ounce
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2.2 lbs or 1.1 lbs
Heat sealed heavy plastic bags
28.5 grams
Small heat sealed packages,
condoms, sandwich bags
Gram
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Film canisters, tinfoil, bindles,
plastic baggies, containers at
headshops
Cutting your Coke
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procaine
lidocaine
lactose
mannitol
yeast
baking soda
flour
vitablend
vitamin B-12
inositol.
Methamphetamine Consumption
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Most common method is
smoking
ice is commonly smoked as
well as “Crystal Meth”
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crystal meth is cloudy in
appearance where ice is clear
Glass meth pipe with torch
Stimulant Influence
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To better understand stimulants, peace officers need to
understand the following terms.
Dilated pupil is a widening of the pupil diameter to a width
greater than about 6.5 mm.
Constricted pupil is a narrowing of the pupil diameter to a
width less than 2.9 mm.
Nystagmus is a rapid jerking motion (i.e., changing direction)
of the eyeballs.
Romberg stand is a field sobriety test that uses an individual’s
estimate of elapsed time to determine whether the body internal
clock is normal, too slow, or too fast.
Influence Cornerstones
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Horizontal gaze
nystagmus
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not present
Pupils may be dilated &
non-reactive
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pupils can be normal
range or constricted on
long term users
Influence Cornerstones
Influence Cornerstones
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Romberg Stand-Fast
Pulse-Fast
The Drug Evaluation
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General indicators
restlessness
anxiety
euphoria
talkativeness
irritability
bruxism
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grinding of the teeth
runny nose
redness to nasal area
leg tremors
eyelid tremors
Crack Smokers
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Blackened gums
Burnt fingertips
Depressants
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a large number of different drugs,
all of which are named for the
most prominent property of
dampening CNS activity while
carrying relatively weak analgesic
effects
slows the operation of the brain
and other parts of the central
nervous system
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tranquilizers
barbiturates
anti-anxiety agents (e.g., Librium,
Valium, Xanax, etc.)
GHB, GBL
Alcohol
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Alcohol is one of the most common depressant drugs.
Because it is readily available in many legal forms, it is
also the most commonly abused drug.
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Alcohol includes:
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beer,
wine, and
distilled spirits.
Depressants
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Depressants, as with alcohol, slow the operation
of the brain and other parts of the central
nervous system, ultimately reducing bodily
functional activity.
Depressants are categorized as:
tranquilizers - Xanax, Valium, Librium, and Halcyon,
and
 sedatives - barbiturates and Rohypnol.
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Rohypnol
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Roofies
Roche
Forget me pill
Gama Hydroxy Butyrate
Influence Cornerstones
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Pupil size will generally be normal
HGN will be present
pupillary reaction will be slowed
pulse will be down
blood pressure will be down
temp. will be normal
muscle tones will be normal
injection sites may be found
Rhomberg Stand will be slow
Additional Indicators of Influence
 drowsiness
 droopy eyelids (ptosis)
 slurred speech
 uncoordinated
 intoxication
 fumbling
 watery bloodshot eyes
 slow sluggish reactions
 no odor of alcoholic beverage
Hallucinogens
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drugs that induce intense
emotional feelings characterized by
a magnification of sensory
perceptions and possible visual
hallucinations at relatively low
doses
impairs the user’s ability to perceive
reality and often produces a dazed
appearance
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LSD
MDMA (ecstasy)
peyote (mescaline)
psilocybin
Hallucinogens
1-(Phenylcyclohexyl) Piperidine
(PCP)
PCP is a drug that, along with it’s analogs, form a
very distinct category of drugs.
 Phencyclidine (PCP)
 Chemical Analogs
 Behavioral Analogs (Ketamine)
Phencyclidine
The Many Faces of PCP
Depressant:
responses
nystagmus, slurred speech, slow
Stimulant:
elevated vitals, agitation, violence
Hallucinogen: hallucinations, memory loss, blank stare
Narcotic
Analgesic: pain relief
Phencyclidine
Street Names
 Angel dust
 Juice
 Wet daddy
 Horse tranquilizer
 Zoot
 Tic Tac
 Embalming fluid
 Rocket Fuel
 Sherm
 Super Kools
 Water
PCP Analogs
Ketamine, Ketalar, Ketaset
 Behavioral Analog of PCP
 1/4th the strength of PCP
 Medically in liquid injectable form
 Extensive use in Vietnam War
 Current use on animals
Ketamine
PCP Analogs
Ketamine, Ketalar, Ketaset
 heated in oven or microwave to make
powder
 powder looks like
cocaine/methamphetamine
PCP Cigarettes & Powder
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Commercial cigarettes are usually
dipped into liquid PCP.
The most popular cigarettes are
Shermans, Tijuana Smalls, Mores, and
Kools.
Liquid can also be applied to string or
thread, which is then threaded
through the cigarette.
In a powder form, PCP may be
sprinkled on any dry vegetable matter,
including:
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mint, parsley, oregano or other
vegetable, spices or materials, and
marijuana.
DAR Cornerstones
PCP
1) Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus
YES
2) Vertical Nystagmus
YES
3) Non-Convergence
YES
4) Pulse Rate
UP
5) Rhomberg Stand
FAST
6) Pupillary Size
NEAR NORMAL
7) Pupillary Reaction
NEAR NORMAL
Phencyclidine
General Indicators
 blank stare
 agitated
 elevated temp
 prone to violence
 sweating
 chemical odor
 muscle rigidity
 hallucinations
confused
 cyclic behavior
Convulsions
 non-responsive
Cannabis
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Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis plant. The
biological name for the plant is Cannabis Sativa L.
The three main street drugs that come from the
cannabis plant are:
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marijuana,
hashish, and
hash oil.
Marinol and dronabinol are synthetic forms of THC, the
active ingredient in cannabis. They are chiefly used as
prescription drugs.
Slang Terms
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- grass - doobie - sinsemilla
- weed - ganga - Mary Jane
- buds - shake - “420"
- pot - mota - blunt
- dope - yerba - reefer
- thai sticks
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Marijuana is derived from the cannabis plant.
The following discusses the characteristics of
the plant itself as well as the three major drugs
derived from it.
Plant
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green leaves generally
composed of an odd
number (5 to 11) of
leaflets or lobes
leaves are 2 to 6 inches
long, pointed tips, sawlike edges
have a peculiar odor
Dried Plant
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greenish
contains plant buds, bits
of small stems, and
possibly seeds
very distinct and peculiar
odor
Hashish (concentrated cannabis)
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a drug-rich resinous
secretion from the
flowers of the cannabis
plant
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processed by extraction to
produce a more potent
form of marijuana
Hash Oil
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produced by a process of
chemical extraction to
yield a dark, viscous
liquid; oil is much more
potent than marijuana
Packaging
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Marijuana is usually packaged
according to its weight.
brick (vacuum sealed
package) 1 kilo (2.2 pounds
or greater)
plastic bag 1 pound
plastic baggie 1, ½, ¼, c
ounce
joint .25 to .35 grams
Methods of Ingestion
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The common methods
for taking marijuana and
cannabis, in general,
include:
inhalation (smoking most common), and
orally.
General Indicators
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bloodshot or reddening of the eyes,
eyelid and body tremors,
debris residue in mouth,
dry mouth,
loss of sense of time and space,
diminished inhibitions,
difficulty in concentrating or disorientation,
increased appetite,
odor of burnt marijuana, and/or
green or yellow coating on tongue.
Frequent users may have a chronic cough.
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A marijuana user may experience a euphoric sensation
and appear impaired.
As a result, if individuals are found in a public place
under the influence of an intoxicating liquor, drug, or
controlled substance, etc., and are in such condition
that they are unable to exercise care for their own safety
or for others, they are subject to arrest for disorderly
conduct (Penal Code Section 647(f)).
Inhalants
Background
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The most prominent psychological effects of inhalants
are feelings of excitement, confusion, or of being in a
catatonic state.
This broad category of drugs impairs performance by
blocking the passage of oxygen to the brain.
Due to the possible severe damage to vital organs (e.g.,
brain, lungs, nervous system, etc.), sometimes resulting
in death, intentional inhalation of volatile substances
has been outlawed.
Common forms of Inhalants
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The common form of
inhalants include:
solvents,
aerosols, and
anesthetic gases.
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A person using an inhalant may have a feeling of euphoria,
exaggerated wellbeing vigor, and high spirits.
This may be accompanied or replaced with drowsiness and
distorted perception.
In addition, the person may experience the following:
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double vision, slurred speech, and poor coordination,
headache and nausea,
sneezing and coughing,
odor of substance on breath,
substance around mouth or nose area,
feeling of intoxication,
possible unconsciousness,
hallucinations,
excess nasal secretions, and/or
watering eyes.
Clandestine Laboratories
Introduction
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A clandestine laboratory is a covert, secret, illegal
operation that produces a controlled substance through
a chemical process.
California’s first clandestine laboratory was identified in
1963.
Since then, their existence has increased at an alarming
rate.
It is the peace officers’ responsibility to assist in
locating and identifying these operations so that they
may be closed down.
Dangers of Identifying Clan Labs
Initiating An Investigation Into Clan
Labs
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An investigation involving a clandestine
laboratory can be initiated by a call from a
source in the area.
Types of Labs…
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Clandestine laboratories
(labs) may be categorized
into three general types
Operational–
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These labs actually produce
drugs with visible lab apparatus
with steam and fumes being
produced.
Types of Labs…
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Non-operational
These labs are set up to
produce drugs, but are
not operating; all of the
necessary chemicals or
vital pieces of apparatus
may/may not be present.
Types of Labs…
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boxed labs—
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These labs are “boxed”;
they are not set up to
produce drugs because
the chemicals and
apparatus are packed
away.
SAFETY!!!
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No matter what type of lab,
they are all equally dangerous.
Peace officers need to be
aware that the possibility
exists for explosion,
atmospheric contamination,
exposure to toxic chemicals
or wastes, booby traps, and
armed suspects.
Lab Configurations
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traditional labs-They may
include…
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beakers, funnels, flasks,
condenser tubes, heating
mantles, vacuum pumps,
rubber tubing, and filter
papers.
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“pocket” labs may
include
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various pots, pans, jars, a
simple kitchen stove, hot
plates, and microwaves.
Types of Processing
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Clandestine laboratories can
process chemicals in several
ways.
The most common processing
methods include Extraction:
Material is changed into a
finished drug product by
removal of the desired product
from the substance containing
other properties.
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Acetone to
extract
ephedrine
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Grinding pills
in blender
marijuana to hash oil
mini-thins to ephedrine
opium to morphine
Common Indicators Of Possible
Existence Of A Lab
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There are several indicators that peace officers
may observe that would present evidence that
there is a clandestine laboratory in the vicinity.
Discovery of a Clan Lab
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The process of manufacturing (or “cooking”) methamphetamine
may produce a strong and offensive odor, which in turn may
generate complaints from neighbors.
Neighbors may also notice that the occupant only seems to
emerge for fresh air or to smoke.
An informant may have been inside and observed the lab in
operation.
peace officers may have noticed a particular structure that
possesses characteristics that might lead them to conclude that
they have discovered a clandestine laboratory.
Discovery of a Clan Lab
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attempts to seal the doors and
windows,
heavy fortification and/or bars
on the windows,
large ventilation fans on roof,
chimney, and windows,
surveillance cameras,
microphones, and/or motion
detection lights,
glassware or chemical waste in
garbage cans or on the ground,
and/or
location is sparsely furnished.
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The presence of these indicators may
substantiate the belief that a clandestine
laboratory has been located.
However, it may not be enough for an arrest.
There must be specific chemicals inside the
laboratory, and the intent to manufacture must
be established.
The peace officer should...
The peace officer should NOT...
get out or away from the lab,
secure the site,
establish a point of surveillance,
call the: fire department, narcotics
unit, patrol backup,
 and follow departmental policy
regarding notification of
HAZMAT.
 touch anything or examine lab
equipment,
 smell the chemicals,
 casually search the premises,
 turn light switches or flashlights on
or off,
 smoke, eat, or drink at the site,
 and remove flasks from ice baths.
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