Transcript What is a Drug? - jkiser

Chapter Seven
Addictive Behaviors, Licit and
Illicit Drugs
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The Process of Addiction
• Addictive behavior has some common aspects
– Reinforcement: physical and psychological with
regards to pleasure or reduction of negative ones
– Compulsion: time, energy, and money are spent to
pursue the behavior. Normal behavior has already
degenerated
– Loss of Control: addicted people lose the ability to
control their behavior and results in addiction to more
than one drug or behavior
– Escalation: more of the substance is required over
time to produce the desired effects
– Negative Consequences: the behaviors continues,
regardless of the outcomes
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Development of Addiction
• There is no single cause of addiction,
however, the following factors can play
a role with this development
• Characteristics of the person:
difficulties dealing with stress, impulse
control; risk taker
• Environment of where the person lives
• Heredity
• Nature of the substance or behavior in
question
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Examples of Addictive Behaviors
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Compulsive or Pathological Gambling
Compulsive Spending or Shopping
Internet/On-line Gaming
Video Gaming
TV
Work
Sex
Exercise
Substance
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What is a Drug?
• Substance, other
than food, that alters
structure or function
in a living organism
– psychoactive drug –
alters the mind (feelings,
behaviors, mood)
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What is Drug Abuse?
• Substance Abuse involves one or more of
the following:
• Recurrent drug use, resulting in a failure to fulfill
major responsibilities
• Recurrent drug use in situations in which it is
physically hazardous
• Recurrent drug-related legal problems
• Continued drug use despite persistent social or
inter-personal problems caused or exacerbated by
the effects of the drug
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Drug Dependence
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Seven specific criteria the APA uses to
diagnose substance dependence
1. Developing tolerance to the substance
2. Experiencing withdrawal
3. Taking the substance in larger amounts
or over a longer period than was
originally intended
4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut
down or regulate substance use
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Drug Dependence
5. Spending a great deal of time obtaining
the substance, using the substance, or
recovering from its effects
6. Giving up or reducing important social,
school, work, or recreational activities
because of abuse
7. Continuing to use the substance in
spite of recognizing that it is a problem
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Who Uses Drugs?
• The use and abuse of drugs occur at all income
and educational levels, among ethnic groups,
and at all ages
• There are no clear prediction methods for
potential drug users, however, the following
characteristics do place people in higher risk for
trying illicit drugs:
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Being male, Poor self image
Risk taking personality
Peer or family group that partakes in this behavior
Dysfunctional or chaotic lifestyle at home
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Why Do People Use Drugs?
• Curiosity
• Imitation of adults
(modeling)
• Spiritual experience
• Alter moods
• Remove emotional
pain (coping
mechanism)
• Provide a temporary
escape
• Peer pressure
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Six Classifications of
Psychoactive Drugs
• Stimulant
• Depressant
• Hallucinogen
• Cannabis
• Narcotic
(Opiates)
• Inhalant
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Narcotics
(Opiates)
• Examples:
– opium, morphine, heroin, methadone,
codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone,
meperidine, fentanyl
• Short term Effects:
– relieves pain, euphoria, reduces anxiety,
produces lethargy
• Methods:
– injected, swallowed, snorted, smoked
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Narcotics
• Abuse of prescription pain relievers:
– OxyContin & Vicodin
• Quick tolerance build-up/ High
dependence
• Serious withdrawal symptoms
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Depressants
(Sedatives/Hypnotics)
• Examples:
– barbiturates,
– benzodiazepines: Xanax, Valium, Librium,
Klonopin, Rohypnol, Qualade, Placidyl,
“Mickey”, GHB or “liquid ecstacy”,
– alcohol,
– tranquilizers
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Depressants
• Short Term Effects:
– slows down the CNS, causes drowsiness,
loss of consciousness
• Method:
– swallowed, injected
• High dependence qualities
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Stimulants
• Short Term Effects:
– elevates sensory function of the CNS,
nervousness, insomnia, impulsive
behavior, dilated pupils
• Long Term Damage:
– addiction, hyperactive behavior,
depression, aggressiveness, stomach,
liver, respiratory damage, paranoid
psychosis
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Stimulants
• Examples:
– cocaine, amphetamine,
methamphetamine, caffeine, ritalin
• Method:
– injected, smoked, swallowed,
snorted
• Dependency: Very High
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Binge-Abuse Cycle
• Rush (5 - 30min.)
• Intense pleasure
• High (4 -16 hrs.)
• Power/Aggressiveness
• Binge (3 - 15days)
• Physical/Mental Hyperactivity
• Tweaking (3 - 15days)
• Irritable/Paranoid, Insomnia, Lack of Satisfaction
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Binge-Abuse Cycle
• Crash (1- 3days)
• Total exhaustion
• Almost Normal (2 – 14 days)
• Doesn’t last
• Withdrawal (30 – 90 days)
• Deep depression, intense drug cravings,
irritability, loss of energy, nausea, sweating,
suicidal tendencies
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Cannabis
• Marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug
in the United States
• Active ingredient: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
• Short Term Effects:
– Euphoria, confusion, slowed reaction &
thinking, impaired balance & coordination,
increased heart rate, increased appetite,
red/blood shot eyes, dry lips & mouth
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Cannabis
• Long Term Damage:
– Wrecked brain cells, respiratory damage-cancer,
emphysema, lower sperm counts & testosterone,
irregular menstrual/ovulation cycles
• Smoking 5 joints a week exposes to as many
carcinogens as smoking a pack of cigarettes
every day for a week!
• Examples:
– hashish, marijuana
– (Caution: It varies in strength & composition - can be
sprayed with rat poison, weed killer, oven cleaner,
PCP/Angel Dust!!!!
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Hallucinogens
• Examples:
– LSD, PCP(Angel Dust), peyote,
Ecstasy(MDMA), Ketamine
• Short Term Effects:
– altered state of perception;
synesthesia (body-mind separation);
increased heart rate, blood pressure;
delirium; impaired motor function;
numbness, weakness
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Hallucinogens
• Long Term Effects:
– panic attacks, psychological distortions,
flashbacks
• Method:
– swallowed, smoked, injected, snorted
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Club/Rave Drugs
• Ecstasy
– Hallucinogen with extreme risk for
dehydration/hyperthermia, heart failure, kidney
failure, death – brain damage
• Rohypnol
– Depressant used for date rape/sexual assault
causing amnesia and can result in coma and death
especially when combined with alcohol
• Ketamine
– Hallucinogen creating synesthesia,
convulsions/coma or death; causes psychological
addiction & problems with memory/learning
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• GHB
– Depressant also associated with date rape/sexual
assault causing amnesia, unconsciousness, coma,
death
• LSD
– Hallucinogen creating numbness, magnified
emotions & heightened sensations
• Meth
– Stimulant growing in use and abuse with extreme
addictive powers resulting in aggressive and
psychotic behaviors
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Party Smart Tips
• Do not accept drinks for people you don’t
know and trust!
• Never leave your drink unattended!
• If your drink tastes salty or soapy, throw it
out!
• Don’t drink from open containers like punch
bowls, bong bags, etc.!
• Listen for the “fizz” on twist-off bottles . . .
Don’t drink if it doesn’t “fizz”!
• Be suspicious of eye droppers and small
bottles!
• Use the buddy system!
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Inhalants
• Tends to be the highest among
younger adolescents
• Effects: volatile chemicals
producing drunk-like effects or
aggression
• Examples: gasoline, paint,
aerosol cans, glues
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Drugs, Society, and Families
• Americans spend over 50 billion annually on
illegal drugs
• The criminal justice system is inundated with
drug related crimes
• Healthcare issues are involved with drug use
with regards to hospital visits, treatment
programs, and deaths
• Drug abuse takes a toll on families, creating
long term health problems, unemployment, and
neglect
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Drug Testing
• It is estimated that 10% of the workforce use
psychoactive drugs
• Dangers are great in specific job assignments
that all workers should be tested regularly
• Most drug tests involve a urine test
• Due to the accuracy of tests improving over the
years, there are fewer opportunities to cheat or
to yield false results
• The FDA now has approved home kits for
parents to check their children for drug use
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Treatment For Drug Dependence
• Community
programs
• Hospital facilities
• Private facilities
• Self-help
groups/Peer
counseling
• Medication assisted
treatment
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Other Drug Terminology
• Dependence:
– refers to the need to continue using a drug for
psychological or physical reasons
• Withdrawal illness:
– toxic response of the body as it attempts to
regain control (abstinence syndrome)
• Tolerance:
– acquired reaction to a drug in which the
continued intake has diminished effect
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Codependence
• Applies to those who are close to the
individual who is addicted to something
• Focused upon protecting or coping with
the addict
• Lose their sense of identity due to
becoming unaware of their own feelings
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What is the MOST dangerous drug?
The drug you want
the MOST!
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Website Resources
• Center for On-Line Addiction.
http://netaddiction.com
• ClubDrugs.Org. www.clubdrugs.org
• Do It Now Foundation. www.doitnow.org
• Drug Enforcement Administration
www.dea.gov/concern/concern.htm
• Gamblers Anonymous.
www.gamblersanonymous.org
• Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other
Drug Prevention
www.edc.org/hec
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• Indiana Prevention Resource Center.
www.drugs.indiana.edu
• Narcotics Anonymous www.na.org
• Cocaine Anonymous www.ca.org
• Marijuana Anonymous www.marijuanaanonymous.org
• National Clearinghouse for Alcohol & Drug
Information. www.health.org
• National Institute on Drug Abuse.
www.drugabuse.gov
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www.intheknowzone.com
www.checkyourself.com
www.drughelp.org
www.drugfree.org
www.theantidrug.com
www.abovetheinfluence.com
www.ohsinc.com
www.mystudentbody.com
800-662-HELP
800-729-6686 (Spanish)
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