Transcript Step Up To: Psychology

Step Up To: Psychology
by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
Psychology, Eighth Edition By David G.
Myers
Worth Publishers
(2007)
Chapter 7: States of Consciousness
Watch the Watch
Sweet
Dreams
Pay
Attention
Trippin’
Altered
States
Pay Attention
500
400
300
200
100
Sweet Dreams
500
400
300
200
100
Watch the Watch
500
400
300
200
100
Trippin’
500
400
300
200
100
Altered States
500
400
300
200
100
1. Consciousness is:
• A) the ability to solve problems, reason,
and remember.
• B) the sudden and often novel realization
of the solution to a problem.
• C) the process of organizing and
interpreting sensory information.
• D) our awareness of ourselves and our
environment.
2. Unlike the unconscious processing
of information, conscious processing
occurs:
•
•
•
•
A) simultaneously.
B) sequentially.
C) relatively quickly.
D) like running on auto pilot.
3. During the 60’s, the school of
psychology that turned most
psychologists away from studying
the importance of consciousness
was:
•
•
•
•
A) psychoanalysis.
B) functionalism.
C) behaviorism.
D) Gestalt psychology.
4. Altered states of consciousness are
physiologically induced, like ___; and
psychologically induced, like ___.
•
•
•
•
A) hallucinations; meditation
B) dreaming; hallucinations
C) sensory deprivation; orgasm
D) orgasm; oxygen deprivation
5. An evolutionary explanation about
why we sleep would be to:
•
•
•
•
A) repair our brain.
B) promote growth.
C) keep us safe.
D) help us to remember.
6. Biological processes that
systematically vary over a period of
24 hours are called:
•
•
•
•
A) daily regimens.
B) circadian rhythms.
C) sleep-wake cycles.
D) lunar cycles.
7. A hormone manufactured by the
pineal gland that produces
sleepiness is:
•
•
•
•
A) serotonin.
B) melatonin.
C) L-triptophan.
D) dopamine.
8. The rhythmic bursts of brain
activity that occur during Stage 2
sleep are called:
•
•
•
•
A) alpha waves.
B) paradoxical sleep.
C) sleep spindles.
D) delta waves.
9. Sleep deprivation has been
shown to:
• A) increase attentiveness to highly
motivating tasks.
• B) reduce hypertension.
• C) enhance memory.
• D) diminish immunity to disease.
10. Which of the following is bad
advice for a person trying to
overcome insomnia?
• A) Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before
bedtime.
• B) Drink a glass of milk 15 minutes before
bedtime.
• C) Avoid taking short naps during the day.
• D) Awaken at the same time every
day even if you had a restless night.
11. People who are highly
susceptible to hypnosis:
•
•
•
•
A) have a weak will.
B) have a great imagination.
C) have to want to be hypnotized.
D) have a short attention span.
12. In one study, both hypnotized and
non-hypnotized subjects were told to
throw acid in a research assistant’s face.
In this experiment, hypnotized people:
• A) usually refused to do it.
• B) behaved in the same fashion as nonhypnotized individuals.
• C) were influenced to act against their
own will.
• D) experienced a heightened sense of
personal responsibility for their actions.
13. Police Chief Olson is considering
using a hypnotist to help an eye-witness
recall the events of a crime. The Chief
needs to know that:
• A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is
highly qualified.
• B) there is an increased risk of false
memories with hypnosis.
• C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting.
• D) hypnosis can only help if used along
with a polygraph.
14. One plausible theory suggests
that hypnosis relieves pain by:
• A) distracting attention.
• B) blocking sensory input.
• C) eliciting a deep, REM-like
state.
• D) “fooling” the subject to
believe there is no pain.
15. When hypnosis influences
behavior after the hypnotic state, the
subject was given a:
•
•
•
•
A) posthypnotic amnesia.
B) hypnotic command.
C) command suggestion.
D) posthypnotic suggestion.
16. Two factors involved in
determining physical dependence are:
•
•
•
•
A) tolerance and withdrawal.
B) drug type and amount.
C) quantity and frequency.
D) psycho-activity and abuse.
17. The need to take larger and
larger doses of a drug in order to
experience its effects is an
indication of:
•
•
•
•
A) withdrawal.
B) dissociation.
C) resistance.
D) tolerance.
18. Repeated use of an opiate:
• A) decreases the brain’s reproduction
of endorphins.
• B) increases heart and breathing
rates.
• C) does not seem to be followed by
serious withdrawal symptoms.
• D) triggers auditory as well as
visual hallucinations.
19. The drug Ecstasy has the
dangerous side-effect of:
• A) causing dehydration, overheating,
increased blood pressure, death.
• B) increasing the risk of chronic
depression.
• C) impairing memory.
• D) all of the above.
20. When cocaine is snorted, free-based,
or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria.
As someone comes off this “high”, the end
result is a depressive crash caused by:
•
•
•
•
A) depletion of dopamine.
B) depletion of norepinephrine.
C) depletion of serotonin.
D) all of the above.
21. After ingesting a small dose of a drug,
Jen experienced vivid visual hallucinations
and felt as if she were separated from her
own body. She most likely experienced
the effects of:
•
•
•
•
A) cocaine.
B) LSD.
C) heroin.
D) marijuana.
22. Which of the following is an
amphetamine that acts as a mild
hallucinogen?
•
•
•
•
A) Marijuana
B) Nembutal
C) Ecstasy
D) LSD
23. According to Ernest Hilgard’s
theory of hypnosis:.
• A) becoming hypnotized depends on the
willingness of the subject.
• B) the subject’s consciousness is split.
• C) everyone can become hypnotized if
the hypnotist is trained.
• D) it is just another form of
concentration.
24: Near-death experiences are:
• A) typically recalled as very scary
and unpleasant.
• B) quite similar to drug-induced
hallucinogenic experiences.
• C) recalled by nearly all who have
been revived from cardiac arrest.
• D) scientific proof that we all
should “go to the light.”
25. The best indication that dreaming
serves a necessary biological function is
provided by the fact that:
• A) most dreams are psychologically
meaningless.
• B) the disruption of REM sleep leads to
narcolepsy.
• C) most mammals experience REM rebound.
• D) sexual tension is naturally
discharged during REM sleep.
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. Consciousness is:
• A) the ability to solve problems, reason,
and remember.
• B) the sudden and often novel realization
of the solution to a problem.
• C) the process of organizing and
interpreting sensory information.
• D) our awareness of ourselves and our
environment.
271
2. Unlike the unconscious processing
of information, conscious processing
occurs:
•
•
•
•
A) simultaneously.
B) sequentially.
C) relatively quickly.
D) like running on auto pilot.
272
3. During the 60’s, the school of
psychology that turned most
psychologists away from studying
the importance of consciousness
was:
•
•
•
•
A) psychoanalysis.
B) functionalism.
C) behaviorism.
D) Gestalt psychology.
271
4. Altered states of consciousness are
physiologically induced, like ___; and
psychologically induced, like ___.
•
•
•
•
A) hallucinations; meditation
B) dreaming; hallucinations
C) sensory deprivation; orgasm
D) orgasm; oxygen deprivation
272
5. An evolutionary explanation about
why we sleep would be to:
•
•
•
•
A) repair our brain.
B) promote growth.
C) keep us safe.
D) help us to remember.
282
6. Biological processes that
systematically vary over a period of
24 hours are called:
•
•
•
•
A) daily regimens.
B) circadian rhythms.
C) sleep-wake cycles.
D) lunar cycles.
275
7. A hormone manufactured by the
pineal gland that produces
sleepiness is:
•
•
•
•
A) serotonin.
B) melatonin.
C) L-triptophan.
D) dopamine.
275
8. The rhythmic bursts of brain
activity that occur during Stage 2
sleep are called:
•
•
•
•
A) alpha waves.
B) paradoxical sleep.
C) sleep spindles.
D) delta waves.
277
9. Sleep deprivation has been
shown to:
• A) increase attentiveness to highly
motivating tasks.
• B) reduce hypertension.
• C) enhance memory.
• D) diminish immunity to disease.
281
10. Which of the following is bad
advice for a person trying to
overcome insomnia?
• A) Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before
bedtime.
• B) Drink a glass of milk 15 minutes before
bedtime.
• C) Avoid taking short naps during the day.
• D) Awaken at the same time every
day even if you had a restless night.
283
11. People who are highly
susceptible to hypnosis:
•
•
•
•
A) have a weak will.
B) have a great imagination.
C) have to want to be hypnotized.
D) have a short attention span.
291
12. In one study, both hypnotized and
non-hypnotized subjects were told to
throw acid in a research assistant’s face.
In this experiment, hypnotized people:
• A) usually refused to do it.
• B) behaved in the same fashion as nonhypnotized individuals.
• C) were influenced to act against their
own will.
• D) experienced a heightened sense of
personal responsibility for their actions.
292
13. Police Chief Olson is considering
using a hypnotist to help an eye-witness
recall the events of a crime. The Chief
needs to know that:
• A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is
highly qualified.
• B) there is an increased risk of false
memories with hypnosis.
• C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting.
• D) hypnosis can only help if used along
with a polygraph.
292
14. One plausible theory suggests
that hypnosis relieves pain by:
• A) distracting attention.
• B) blocking sensory input.
• C) eliciting a deep, REM-like
state.
• D) “fooling” the subject to
believe there is no pain.
293
15. When hypnosis influences
behavior after the hypnotic state, the
subject was given a:
•
•
•
•
A) posthypnotic amnesia.
B) hypnotic command.
C) command suggestion.
D) posthypnotic suggestion.
292
16. Two factors involved in
determining physical dependence are:
•
•
•
•
A) tolerance and withdrawal.
B) drug type and amount.
C) quantity and frequency.
D) psycho-activity and abuse.
297
17. The need to take larger and
larger doses of a drug in order to
experience its effects is an
indication of:
•
•
•
•
A) withdrawal.
B) dissociation.
C) resistance.
D) tolerance.
297
18. Repeated use of an opiate:
• A) decreases the brain’s reproduction
of endorphins.
• B) increases heart and breathing
rates.
• C) does not seem to be followed by
serious withdrawal symptoms.
• D) triggers auditory as well as
visual hallucinations.
300
19. The drug Ecstasy has the
dangerous side-effect of:
• A) causing dehydration, overheating,
increased blood pressure, death.
• B) increasing the risk of chronic
depression.
• C) impairing memory.
• D) all of the above.
302
20. When cocaine is snorted, free-based,
or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria.
As someone comes off this “high”, the end
result is a depressive crash caused by:
•
•
•
•
A) depletion of dopamine.
B) depletion of norepinephrine.
C) depletion of serotonin.
D) all of the above.
301
21. After ingesting a small dose of a drug,
Jen experienced vivid visual hallucinations
and felt as if she were separated from her
own body. She most likely experienced
the effects of:
•
•
•
•
A) cocaine.
B) LSD.
C) heroin.
D) marijuana.
302
22. Which of the following is an
amphetamine that acts as a mild
hallucinogen?
•
•
•
•
A) Marijuana
B) Nembutal
C) Ecstasy
D) LSD
302
23. According to Ernest Hilgard’s
theory of hypnosis:.
• A) becoming hypnotized depends on the
willingness of the subject.
• B) the subject’s consciousness is split.
• C) everyone can become hypnotized if
the hypnotist is trained.
• D) it is just another form of
concentration.
294
24: Near-death experiences are:
• A) typically recalled as very scary
and unpleasant.
• B) quite similar to drug-induced
hallucinogenic experiences.
• C) recalled by nearly all who have
been revived from cardiac arrest.
• D) scientific proof that we all
should “go to the light.”
309
25. The best indication that dreaming
serves a necessary biological function is
provided by the fact that:
• A) most dreams are psychologically
meaningless.
• B) the disruption of REM sleep leads to
narcolepsy.
• C) most mammals experience REM rebound.
• D) sexual tension is naturally
discharged during REM sleep.
288
Acknowledgements
• Step Up Created by:
– John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Based on Psychology,
Eighth Edition
• By David G. Myers
• Published by
• Worth Publishers
(2007)
Answers: States of Consciousness
1.
D
9.
D
17.
D
2.
B
10.
A
18.
A
3.
C
11.
B
19.
D
4.
A
12.
B
20.
D
5.
C
13.
B
21.
B
6.
B
14.
A
22.
C
7.
B
15.
D
23.
B
8.
C
16.
A
24.
B
25.
C