Transcript Chapter 11 Muscle-building Agents Used in Sports

Chapter 11
Muscle-building Agents
Used in Sports
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Introduction
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Bigger, Stronger and Faster = money.
Ergogenic Aid.
– something an athlete might take to increase
work output during sport or activity.
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Many chronic steroid or ergogenic aid
users have excellent knowledge of how
these drugs work and the best way to use
them.
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Who Uses Ergogenic
Aids?
Athletes
 Professionals
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– Football, Baseball, Track, Table Tennis
College
 High School
 Non-athletes
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Ergogenic Aids Used by
Athletes
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Steroids
HGH
DHEA/HMB
Creatine
Miscellaneous
– Nutritional supplements
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Steroids
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Referred to as AAS
Androgenic
– Male sex characteristics
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Anabolic
– Enhance tissue metabolism
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Testosterone
– Male and female
– Androstenedione (females)
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History
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Used to gain advantage over
competitors or enemies
WWII/Eastern-Bloc countries
Impossible to do scientific testing or to
obtain accurate information
Illegal and unethical issues
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Table 11-1: Common Types of
Steroids Used by Athletes
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Methods of Use
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Stacking
– Simultaneously using multiple types of steroid
drugs in high doses
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Cycling
– Follow a timed cycle; small doses increases to
very high doses, then tapers off to drug-free
period
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Believed to enhance effects and reduce
adverse effects
Information varies/Internet
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Table 11-2: Steroid
Cycling Example
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Table 11-3: “Super Cutting
Cycle” Example
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Physiological Effects of AAS
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Difficult to establish through scientific
research processes
Claims include:
– Decreased reflex times = faster
– Increase in overall size
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Increase in muscle size/strength
– Increased protein synthesis
– Ability to exercise longer and harder
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Psychological Effects Of
AAS
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Difficult to ascertain
– Vigor
– Energy
– Aggressiveness
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General Adverse Effects of
AAS
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Blood flow compromise in cardiac tissue
Liver – first pass metabolism
– Orals are much more toxic to the liver
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Kidney dysfunctions
– Hyperinsulinism
– Decrease in HDL concentrations, and
increased blood pressure
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Male Adverse Effects of
AAS
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Reduction in testicular function
Breast development (Gynecomastia)
Male pattern baldness
Acne – severe
Closure of growth plates (shorter not bigger!)
Prostate enlargement
Impotence and decrease in libido
Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance
Tendon rupture
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Female Adverse Effects of
AAS
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Masculinization
Facial hair (hirsutism)
Male pattern baldness
Deepened voice
Decrease in breast size
Menstrual cycle changes (amenorrhea)
Many female changes are irreversible
Acne, mood swings, decreased libido
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Counter Measures
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Clomid
– Anti-estrogen
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Accutane
– Acne
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Propecia
– Hair loss
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Human Growth Hormone
(HGH)
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Produced and released on a regular
basis to aid in homeostasis of body
Also released as part of regular
hormonal changes that occur during
exercise
Originally used to increase height of
“short” people
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History
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Non-detectable via drug testing
Now have synthetic versions
– Mass produced in 1986
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Produces steroid like changes
– Increase muscle mass, train harder and
longer, recover quicker
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Adverse Effects of HGH
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Acromegaly
Hypertension
Cardiomyopathy
Respiratory disease
Diabetes
Abnormal lipid metabolism
Osteoarthritis
Breast and colorectal cancers
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Dehydroepiandrosterone
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(DHEA)
– Marketed as a food supplement
– May lead to increase in testosterone
– Anti-aging benefit
– Banned by NCAA & IOC
– Not scientifically proven
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Βeta-hydroxy-betamethylbutyrate
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(HMB)
– Used for cholesterol synthesis
Impt for cell building and membrane repair
 Decrease muscle damage and promote
recovery
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– Not shown to be effective
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Creatine
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Athlete use began in 1980’s
Intake of creatine through meats and
fish
95% of creatine in the body is found
in the skeletal muscles
Broken down in liver and stored as
phosphocreatine
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Effects on the Body
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Enhances the muscle cell ability to
produce energy
Debate over effectiveness
– Increase in strength vs. quicker recovery
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Majority of studies have been done on
18 to 35 year old male athletes
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Taking Creatine
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Powder form
Creatine Monohydrate
Mixed with fruit juice (grape)
Loading phase?
– 20 g/day
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Daily dosage
– 3 – 5 g/day
– Body regularly uses 1- 2 g/day
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Who Uses It
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Athletes
– High school, college
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Individuals with muscle disease
Older adults
Reasons
– Bigger, stronger; increase power, weight,
and speed; decrease body fat
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Anaerobic vs. aerobic activities
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Adverse Effects
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Kidney damage
Fluid retention
Muscle cramping/strains
GI distress/diarrhea
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Miscellaneous Agents
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Androstenedione (Andro)
– Precursor to testosterone or estrogen
– No proven effects
– Marketed as a dietary supplement
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Banned by IOC and NFL
– Similar adverse effects of AAS
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