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Chapter Seventeen
Social Policy and the Welfare State
American Government and Politics: Deliberation,
Democracy, and Citizenship
Chapter Seventeen: Learning Objectives
•
•
Describe the importance of FDR’s
approach to laying the foundations of
the welfare state
Identify the major developments in
American social policy from the New
Deal through the present
Chapter Seventeen: Learning Objectives
•
•
Explain why President Clinton and
Congress reformed the welfare
system in the 1990s
Describe President Bush’s proposed
reform of Social Security, and explain
why it did not pass
Chapter Seventeen: Learning Objectives
•
Identify the key issues at stake in the
debate over adding prescription drug
coverage to Medicare in 2003
•
Describe the long-term funding issues
that affect Social Security and
Medicare
Chapter Seventeen: Learning Objectives
•
Explain the current
controversy over
education vouchers
in the United
States, and identify
other innovations of
the school choice
movement
Pablo Martinez Monsivais,
FILE/AP Photo
Introduction
During the Great Depression, President
Roosevelt redefined the relationship
between the federal government and
citizens.
The programs of the New Deal set forth
a welfare state, which was a new
development in American political life.
The Growth and Rationale of the
Welfare State
How has the welfare
state grown since
the early twentieth
century?
What are its major
programs, and
why were they
enacted?
AP Photo
The Growth and Rationale of the
Welfare State: FDR’s New Deal
New Deal programs
•
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
•
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
•
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
•
Social Security
The Growth and Rationale of the
Welfare State: FDR’s New Deal
FDR also argued for a “second Bill of
Rights” which would promote “security
and prosperity…for all.”
What are the differences between
negative rights and positive rights?
The Growth and Rationale of the Welfare
State: Truman’s Fair Deal
President Truman set forth social
programs known as the Fair Deal,
which would include national health
insurance coverage.
Programs enacted included the National
School Lunch Program and the
Housing Act of 1949.
The Growth and Rationale of the Welfare
State: Eisenhower’s Republicanism
Modern Republicanism under
Eisenhower accepted the social
welfare programs created by previous
administrations, such as Social
Security, unemployment insurance,
labor laws, and agricultural programs.
The Growth and Rationale of the
Welfare State: Johnson’s Great Society
President Johnson declared a war on
poverty and was responsible for the
Great Society programs that were
designed to reduce poverty, improve
urban America, and foster a sense of
community.
The Growth and Rationale of the
Welfare State: Johnson’s Great Society
Great Society programs
•
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
•
Food Stamp Act of 1964
•
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
•
Medicaid
The Growth and Rationale of the Welfare
State: Modern Social Welfare Policy
Modern social welfare policies
•
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
•
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC0
What are the differences between meanstested programs and entitlements?
The Welfare Debate
Why did Congress replace the AFDC
entitlement program with the TANF
block grant?
What effect did the change have on
welfare rolls?
Myths and Misinformation
Spending for the poor
Data shows that over the past few
decades, government spending on
social welfare programs has steadily
increased.
The Welfare Debate: The End of the
Welfare Entitlement
The Personal Responsibility
and Work Opportunity
Reconciliation Act of 1996
replaced AFDC with TANF.
What have been some of
the effects of this welfare
reform?
Stephen Jaffe/Reuters/Landov
Pledges and Promises
Personal responsibility contracts
Under TANF, states have more authority
in administering welfare programs.
Most states require TANF recipients to
sign a personal responsibility contract
in order to receive benefits.
The Welfare Debate:
Effects of Welfare Reform
What are some effects of welfare reform?
•
Drop in welfare caseload numbers
•
Poverty rate has not dropped
The Welfare Debate:
Effects of Welfare Reform
Source: Congressional Budget Offi ce, “Changes in Participation in Means Tested Programs,” April 20, 2005,
www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=6302&sequence=0, accessed Augusst 13, 2009.
The Social Security Debate
Does the Social Security system face a
crisis in the future?
What are the key issues in the debate
over private accounts?
The Social Security Debate
Source: U.S. Social Security Administration, Offi ce of Policy, “Fast
Facts & Figures about Social Security, 2008,” www.ssa.gov/policy/
docs/chartbooks/fast_facts/2008/fast_facts08.html#generalinfo,
accessed January 29, 2009.
The Social Security Debate:
How Social Security is Funded
Contributions go into the Social
Security trust fund.
With concerns about the program, the
Greenspan Commission was formed
to address funding issues.
The Social Security Debate:
Attempts and Social Security Reform
In 2005, President Bush suggested
Social Security reforms, which would
allow for the creation of personal
accounts.
How did the public feel about the option
of personal accounts?
The Medicare Prescription Drug Debate
How did Congress expand the
Medicare program in 2003?
What were the key issues in the debate
before Congress, and why did the
parties divide so sharply?
The Medicare Prescription Drug Debate:
Key Provisions of the Medicare Expansion
Changes in 2003
•
Helped with cost of prescription drugs
•
Created voluntary health savings accounts
•
Increased funding for rural health
•
Provided new coverage for preventative care
The Medicare Prescription Drug Debate:
Dissent Across Party Lines
Republicans supported the bill because
the private sector would take on a
larger role of the provision of services.
Democrats did not support the
legislation because they did not want
private companies involved with
Medicare.
The Medicare Prescription Drug Debate:
Funding Medicare in the 21st Century
Three ways to fund Medicare
1.
Payroll taxes
2.
General revenues
3.
Premiums and co-pays by enrollees
The School Choice Movement
What are the elements of the modern
school choice movement?
What are the issues and controversies
in the debate over school choice?
The School Choice Movement:
Types of School Voucher Programs
Different types of voucher programs in
the United States
•
Low-income
•
Parents of disabled children that do not like
public schools to which they are assigned
•
Families in rural areas far from public schools
International Perspectives
School choice
How do other nations handle education
policy and school choice programs?
What can the United States learn from
such programs?
The School Choice Movement:
Other Kinds of School Choice
Other options for school choice
•
Tax credits for scholarships for low-income
students
•
Tax credits for private school tuition
•
Charter and magnets schools, home schooling
Social Policy and Deliberative Democracy
There was concern in early American
history about creation of a welfare state.
Social policy in the twenty-first century
•
Helps those in need
•
Reduces risk in daily life
Deliberation, Citizenship, and You
Funding the welfare state in
the twenty-first century
How would you design
public forms to debate
changes to social welfare
entitlement programs?
Ron Edmonds/AP Photo
Summary
•
New Deal redefined relationship between
citizens and government
•
Americans no longer deliberate on
whether government should provide
social welfare programs, rather
deliberation occurs about how to create
and fund such programs