Transcript STMU_HomecomingCLE2013Hardberger

Powering the Tap Dry:
Regulatory Alternatives for the
Energy Water Nexus
Amy Hardberger,
Assistant Professor
Modern Energy Sources
Water for Energy
 Fuel type
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Natural Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Solar
 Cooling technology
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Open loop
Closed loop
Dry or air
Hybrid
 Other Water Needs
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Mining
Transportation
Data Gaps
 Evaporative Losses
 Non-state water
Post combustion Technologies
How much is too much?
US
 49% of all freshwater withdrawals are for power (210,000
million gallons/day)
Texas
 157,000 million gallons (482,100 acre-feet) of water
annually.
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enough water for over 3 million people for a year, each using 140
gallons per person per day
Not total capacity
 Power plants are responsible for an estimated 2.5% of the
total water consumption for Texas (consumption only)
 Data and Reporting Gaps
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Withdrawal amounts
Evaporative losses
Texas’ 258 power plants have capacity = 110 GW
Actual Generation – 400 terawatt-hours
Unconventional vs. Conventional Wells
Water Quantity by Shale Play
Liquid Shales (Gas, Oil, Condensate)
Eagle Ford Shale
125,000 Gallons used for Drilling
5,000,000 Gallons used for Fracturing
Niobrara
300,000 Gallons used for Drilling
3,000,000 Gallons used for Fracturing
~ 5.1 Million Gallons Used Per Well
Gas Shales (Dry Gas)
Barnett Shale*
250,000 Gallons used for Drilling
4,600,000 Gallons used for Fracturing
~ 4.8 Million Gallons Used Per Well
Haynesville Shale
~ 3.3 Million Gallons Used Per Well
Marcellus Shale*
85,000 Gallons used for Drilling
5,600,000 Gallons used for Fracturing
5.7 Million Gallons Used Per Well
Data courtesy of Chesapeake Energy
600,000 Gallons used for Drilling
5,000,000 Gallons used for Fracturing
~ 5.6 Million Gallons Used Per Well
*Play contains areas of condensate liquids but primarily dry gas
Energy for Water
 Treatment
 Wastewater Treatment
 Collection and Conveyance
 Groundwater v surface water
 In-home Uses
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30% of municipal energy costs
 Irrigation
Texas public water supply = 4.5 million acre-feet/yr
On the Water side . . .
 Nationally 4% of energy is used to move and treat water
 Texas
2.1 to 2.7 TWh of electricity for water systems and
 1.1 to 2.2 TWh for wastewater systems each year –
 enough electricity for about 100,000 people for a year.
 Data Gaps
 Water treatment plant power usage
 Wastewater treatment plant power usage
 End Use Energy requirements
 Pumping and conveyance
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Existing Regulations
 Conservation & Efficiency
Building standards
 Energy Star & Water Sense
 Direct Regulation
 2009 HR 3598 – Energy & Water Research Integration Act
 DOE would need to seek energy efficient technologies that reduced
freshwater use
 Interagency collaboration
 Requires lifecycle assessment of water usage for energy production
and visa versa
 2011 Bingaman Energy and Water Integration Act
 Calls for more study and research to close data gaps
 Texas 2009 HB 4206
 EPA & NY open-loop cooling limitations
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Regulatory Solutions
Federal v. State v. Regional
Overall needs:
 Interagency Communication
 Close data gaps
 Incentivize renewables
 Increase conservation and efficiency
Regulatory Solutions
Water for Power
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Water availability studies and reporting
BACT for water use
Limiting cooling technologies
Limit freshwater use for fracing
Power for Water
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Require energy analysis for water supply projects
Increase gray water systems
Thank you.
Questions?
[email protected]
WWW.EDF.ORG/TEXASWATERSOLUTIONS
POWERING THE TAP DRY: REGULATORY
ALTERNATIVES FOR THE ENERGY-WATER NEXUS, 84
Col. L. Rev 101 (2013).