Transcript Introduction to Wellness, Fitness, and Lifestyle Management

Chapter
13
Misuse
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Addictive Behavior
 Psychoactive Drugs
 Alcohol
 Tobacco

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-2
Drug: Any chemical, other than
food, intended to affect the
structure or function of the body
 Psychoactive drug: A drug that can alter
a person’s state of mind or consciousness
 Intoxication: The state of being
mentally affected by a chemical (literally,
a state of being poisoned)

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-3

Addictive behavior: Any habit that
has gotten out of control resulting
in a negative effect on one’s health
 Originally, addiction applied only to habitual
use of a drug that produced a chemical
change
 Some scientists now believe that certain
activities can be addictive
▪ Trigger release of chemicals causing euphoria and
lead to psychological and physical dependence
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-4
Addiction: Psychological or
physical dependence on a substance
or behavior characterized by a
compulsive desire and increasing
need for the substance or behavior
 Dependence: Result of physiological
or psychological adaptation that
occurs in response to frequent use
of a substance; typically associated
with tolerance and withdrawal

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-5

Substance misuse or abuse:
Use of any substance despite
adverse social, psychological,
or medical consequences; the
use may be intermittent and
with or without tolerance
and physical dependence
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-6
Tolerance: Lower sensitivity to a drug,
so that a given dose no longer exerts the
usual effect and larger doses are needed
 Withdrawal: Physical and psychological
symptoms that follow the interrupted
use of a drug on which a user is
physically dependent; symptoms
may be mild or life-threatening

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-7
 American Psychiatric Association: refers to
two forms of substance (drug) disorders:
▪ Substance abuse and substance dependence
▪ Recurrent drug use that results in failure to
fulfill major responsibilities; poses a physical
hazard; is associated with legal problems; or
causes or exacerbates interpersonal problems
▪ Pattern of drug abuse may be constant or
intermittent, and physical dependence may or
may not be present
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-8

Drug or substance dependence
involves at least three of seven symptoms
 Developing tolerance to the substance
 Experiencing withdrawal
 Taking the substance in larger amounts or
over a longer period than originally intended
 Expressing desire to cut down
or regulate substance abuse
(Continued on next slide)
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-9

Drug or substance dependence
 Spending a great deal of time
obtaining the substance, using the
substance, or recovering from its effects
 Giving up or reducing important school,
work, or recreational activities because of
substance abuse
 Continuing to use the substance in spite
of recognizing that it is contributing
to a psychological or physical problems
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-10

Addictive behaviors typically
share some general characteristics
 Reinforcement
 Compulsion or craving
 Loss of control
 Escalation
 Negative consequences
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-11
Addiction often starts when a person
does something to bring pleasure or
avoid pain
 Potential for addiction determined by:

 Personality
 Lifestyle
 Heredity
 Social and physical environment
 Nature of the substance or behavior
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-12
Compulsive gambling
 Compulsive buying
 Internet addiction
 Other behaviors like exercise, eating,
watching TV, and working out can also
become addictive

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-13

Psychoactive drugs include legal
compounds such as caffeine, tobacco,
and alcohol as well as illegal substances
such as heroin, cocaine, and LSD
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-14
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-15
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-16

Drug use and abuse occur at all income
and education levels, among all ethnic
groups, and across all age groups
 Brain chemistry or metabolism
 Psychological risk factors
 Social factors
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-17

Characteristics of people who are higherthan-average risk for trying illegal drugs:
 Being male
 Being young
 Having exposure to drugs through
family members or peers
 Troubled adolescents
 Having a risk-taking-personality
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-18
No single best method
 Treatment must:

 Deal with the reasons
behind the abuse
 Help individuals change
their attitudes and
behaviors and develop
a social support system
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-19

Signals that suggest drug dependence:
 Sudden withdrawal or emotional distance
 Rebellious or unusually irritable behavior
 Loss of interest in usual activities or hobbies
 Decline in school performance
 Sudden change in group of friends
 Changes in sleeping or eating habits
 Frequent borrowing of money
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-20
Creative efforts are needed
to stop the demand for drugs
 The best solution is prevention

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-21

Before trying a psychoactive drug, ask
yourself:
 What are the risks involved?
 Is using the drug compatible with your goals?
 What are your ethical beliefs about drug use?
 What are the financial costs?
 Are you trying to solve a deeper problem?
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-22

Ethyl alcohol: Intoxicating
ingredient in fermented liquors;
a colorless, pungent liquid
 Proof value: Two times the percentage of
alcohol in a beverage, measured by volume;
a 100-proof beverage contains 50% alcohol
 One drink: Amount of a beverage that
typically contains about 0.6 ounce
of alcohol; also called a standard drink
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-23
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-24

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC):
Amount of alcohol in the blood in
terms of weight per unit volume;
used as a measure of intoxication
 If a person drinks slowly, blood
alcohol concentration (BAC) remains low
 Consuming more than is
metabolized causes BAC to
rise and results in intoxication
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-25

Low levels of alcohol induce
relaxation and release inhibitions
 Higher levels can result in:
▪ Reduction of motor coordination,
intellectual functioning, and judgment
▪ Flushing and sweating
▪ Decreased sexual performance
▪ Disturbed sleep patterns
▪ “Hangover”
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-26
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-27
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-28

Legal limit for BAC in all states is 0.08%
 Many states have “zero tolerance” laws for
drivers under age 21
 Alcohol impairs the user even at much lower
BACs than 0.08%
 Learn to be alert to erratic driving from
impaired drivers
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-29

Alcohol abusers have a life expectancy
15 years shorter than that of nonabusers
 Cirrhosis: Disease in which liver is severely
damaged by alcohol, other toxins, or
infection
 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS):
Characteristic group of birth defects caused
by excessive alcohol consumption by the
mother
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-30
Alcohol misuse: Use of alcohol
to a degree that causes physical
damage, impairs functioning, or
results in behavior harmful to others
 Alcohol use disorder: Chronic
psychological disorder characterized by
excessive and compulsive drinking, and
measured as mild, moderate, or severe

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-31

Warning signs for alcohol abuse:
 Drinking alone or secretively
 Repeatedly using alcohol to cope with





problems
Discomfort at social events without alcohol
Drinking more than usual
Heavy drinking in risky situations
Getting drunk regularly or more frequently
Drinking in the morning or at unusual times
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-32

Binge drinking: Periodically drinking
alcohol to the point of severe
intoxication
 4 drinks in a row for men or 3 drinks in a
row for women within 2 hours
▪ 2009 survey: 24% of people over
age of 12 were binge drinkers
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-33

Characterized by tolerance
and withdrawal symptoms
 When alcoholics stop drinking, they
experience withdrawal symptoms
that can be life-threatening
▪ DTs (delirium tremens): State of confusion
brought on by the reduction of alcohol
intake in an alcohol-dependent person;
other symptoms are sweating, trembling,
anxiety, hallucinations, and seizures
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-34
Examine drinking behavior and motives
for drinking and staying in control
 Drink in a way that keeps BAC
low and behavior under control

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-35

U.S. Surgeon General: Smoking is the
leading preventable cause of illness and
death in the U.S.
 440,000 Americans die prematurely from
smoking-related causes
 All forms of tobacco are unsafe, including
pipes, chewing tobacco, and clove cigarettes
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-36
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-37
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-38

Nicotine: Poisonous, addictive substance
found in tobacco and responsible for
many of the effects of tobacco
 If addicted tobacco user does not
have a steady amount of nicotine
circulating in the body and going to
the brain, s/he experiences such
withdrawal symptoms as muscular
pain, nausea, insomnia, and headaches
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-39

Smoking has profound
negative effects
 Chemicals in tobacco include
carcinogens, cocarcinogens,
agents that irritate
respiratory tissue,
and carbon monoxide
 Nicotine can either
excite or tranquilize
the nervous system
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-40
Smokers lose about 14 years of life on
average.
 Smoking linked to:

 CVD
 Lung disease
 Cancer
 Tooth decay and gum disease
 Menstrual disorders
 Motor vehicle crashes
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-41

Cigars and pipes
 Cigar and pipe smokers at risk for many
health problems faced by cigarette smokers
 Cigars contain more nicotine and tar than do
cigarettes
 Cigar smokers who don’t inhale have a sixtimes greater risk of throat cancer than
nonsmokers
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-42

Clove cigarettes and bidis
 Clove cigarettes contain chopped cloves
and about twice as much tar, nicotine, and
carbon monoxide as conventional cigarettes
 Bidis, or “beadies,” are small cigarettes
imported from India
▪ Tobacco is different from that used in U.S.
cigarettes
▪ Contain up to four times more nicotine
and twice as much tar as U.S. cigarettes
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-43

Spit (Smokeless) Tobacco
 Spit (smokeless) tobacco can
be used as snuff or chewing tobacco
 Chewing tobacco increases
the risk of oral cancer
 Snuff increases the risk
of cheek and gum cancer
 Both lead to nicotine addiction
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-44

E-Cigarettes
 Battery-powered device that
resembles a real cigarette
▪ Uses changeable filter that contains
one or more chemicals, such
as nicotine and flavorings
▪ FDA warns consumers that the same
carcinogens are present in these products
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-45

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS):
Smoke from the burning end
of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe,
and smoke exhaled by smokers;
also called secondhand smoke
 Mainstream smoke: Smoke inhaled by a
smoker and exhaled into the atmosphere
 Sidestream smoke: Smoke from the
burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-46

Known human carcinogen and causes
3,400 lung cancer deaths annually
 Contributes to heart disease and
aggravates such respiratory
conditions as allergies and asthma
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-47

Infants and children breathe more quickly
and weigh less than adults, so they inhale
higher concentrations of pollutants
 ETS increases incidence of bronchitis,
pneumonia, asthma, reduced
lung function, and ear infections
 ETS results in 15,000
hospitalizations annually
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-48
 Speak up tactfully
 Don’t allow smoking in you home or room
 Open a window
 Sit in the nonsmoking section in
restaurants and other public areas
 Fight for a smoke-free work environment
 Discuss quitting strategies
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-49

Fetuses are even more vulnerable:
 Smoking nearly doubles risk of miscarriage
 Increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy,
premature delivery (and death),
problems with the placenta, and
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
▪ 16% of pregnant women still
smoke throughout their pregnancy
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-50

Fetuses are even more vulnerable:
 Children of mothers who smoke
more than two packs per day:
▪ Perform poorly on
developmental tests
just after birth
▪ Later in life exhibit
hyperactivity, short
attention span, and
lower language scores
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-51

Action Against Tobacco
 Tobacco consumption in the
U.S. is declining among some groups
▪ Local ordinances that have
banning smoking in public places
▪ Restricting advertising
▪ Lawsuits against the tobacco industry
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-52

Giving Up Tobacco
 Quitting means breaking physical
and psychological dependence
 There are several methods to use
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13-53