Transcript Foundation Knowledge and Skills

Chapter 10: Drug Classification and Pharmacologic
Actions
Learning Outcomes
 For major classes of drugs:
 Identify common drug names for each classification
 Describe actions- therapeutic uses
 Describe most common or most serious adverse effects
 List special precautions
Key Terms
 Agranulocytosis
 Antiproliferative
 Arthralgia
 Cross-sensitivity
 Expectorate
 Myalgia
 Myelosuppression
 Peripheral neuropathy
 Rhinitis
Body Systems
Drugs for Nervous System
 Antiepileptic Agents
 Parkinsonian Agents
 Alzheimer’s Disease Agents
 Multiple Sclerosis Agents
 Drugs to Treat Headaches/Migraines
 Drugs to Treat Neuropathic Pain
 Drugs to Treat Mood Disorders
 Antidepressants
Drugs for Nervous System
 Tricyclic Antidepressants
 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO-I)
 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
 Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
(SNRIs)
 Miscellaneous Agents
 Drugs for Bipolar Disorder
 Anti-Anxiety Agents (Anxiolytics)
 Antipsychotic Agents
Drugs for Nervous System
 Sedatives & Hypnotics
 Drugs to Treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)
Cardiovascular System Drugs
 Cholesterol-lowering Agents
 HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
 Bile Acid Sequestrants
 Fibrates
 Other Lipid-lowering Agents
 High Blood Pressure Agents (Antihypertensives)
 Diuretics
 Beta-blockers
Cardiovascular System Drugs
 ACE Inhibitors (ACEs)
 Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
 Calcium Channel Blockers
 Vasodilators
 Nitrates
 Digoxin
 Antiarrhythmics
Respiratory System Drugs
 Bronchodilators
 Corticosteroids
 Other Agents for Treating Asthma
 Cough and Cold Products
Musculoskeletal System Drugs
 Osteoporosis Agents
 Anti-Inflammatory Agents
 Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
 Analgesics
Endocrine System Drugs
 Insulin
 Oral Antidiabetic Agents
 Thyroid Agents
Immune System Drugs
 Antihistamines
 Nasal Corticosteroids
 Vaccines
Gastrointestinal System Drugs
 Antacids
 Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists
 Proton Pump Inhibitors
 Anti-Nausea (Antiemetic) Agents
 Agents to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
 Antidiarrheals
 Laxatives
Urinary System Drugs
 Overactive Bladder Agents
Other Body Systems Drugs
 Ophthalmics
 Medications for Treating Conjunctivitis
 Medications for Treating Glaucoma
 Medications for Treating Dry Eyes
 Otics
 Topical Agents
Women’s and Men’s Health
Women’s Health Drugs
 Contraceptives
 Fertility Agents
 Hormone Replacement Therapy
Men’s Health Drugs
 Medications to Treat Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
(BPH)
 Medications to Treat Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
Anti-Infectives
Antibiotics
 Beta-lactam Antibiotics
 Penicillins
 Cephalosporins
 Carbapenems & Monobactams
Antibiotics
 Macrolides
 Sulfonamides
 Tetracyclines
 Aminoglycosides
 Fluoroquinolones
 Clindamycin
 Metronidazole
 Vancomycin
 Antitubercular Drugs
Antiviral Agents
 Herpes viruses
 acyclovir (Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir), valaciclovir
(Valtrex)
 Influenza A & B
 oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
 zanamivir (Relenza)
 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
 ribavirin (Virazole)
 Palivizumab (Synagis)
Antiviral Agents for HIV
 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)  AIDS
 Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
 zidovudine (Retrovir), emtricitabine, didanosine,
lamivudine
 Protease inhibitors
 Indinavir (Crixivan)
 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
 (NNRTI)
 nevirapine (Viramune)
Antiviral Agents for CMV
 Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
 ganciclovir (Cytovene)
 foscarnet (Foscavir)
Antifungal Agents
 Amphotericin available in multiple formulations:




conventional
liposomal (AmBisome)
lipid complex (Abelcet)
colloidal lipid dispersion (Amphotec)
 Azole antifungals
 ketoconazole (Nizoral)
 fluconazole (Diflcan)
 itraconazole (Sporanox)
 posaconazole (Noxafil)
 voriconazole Vfend)
Antifungal Agents
 Echinocandins
 caspofungin (Cancidas)
 micafungin (Mycamine)
 anidulafungin (Eraxis)
Hematologic and
Oncologic Agents
Hematologic System Drugs
 Blood Products
 Anticoagulants and Thrombolytics
 Thrombolytics
Chemo Classifications
 Alkylating Agents
 Antibiotics
 Antimetabolites
 Aromatase Inhibitors
 Biologic Response Modifiers
 Heavy Metal Compounds (Platinums)
 Hormones
 Immunomodulators
Chemo Classifications
 Microtubule-targeting agents
 Mitotic Inhibitors
 Monoclonal Antibodies
 Retinoids
 Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
 Topoisomerase Inhibitors
 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
 Misc Agents
Nutritional and
Dietary Supplements
Vitamins
 Involved in cellular chemical reactions & essential to
 normal tissue growth
 maintenance & function
 Vitamin D-synthesized by body with sunlight
 all other essential vitamins from diet
 Recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
 Fat-soluble or water- soluble
 fat-soluble vitamins : A,D,E, K
Vitamin Synonyms
 Vitamin A = Retinol
 Vitamin E = Tocopherol
 Vitamin B 1 = Thiamine
 Vitamin B 2 = Riboflavin
 Vitamin B 5 = Pantothenic Acid
 Vitamin B 6 = Pyridoxine
 Vitamin B 12 = Cyanocobalamin
 Vitamin B 3 = Niacin = Nicotinic Acid
Minerals
 Constituents of enzymes, hormones, vitamins
 Essential to
 muscle contraction
 nerve conduction
 water and acid balance
 Present in body in larger amounts
 calcium, phosphorus, potassium, chloride, magnesium,
sulfur
 Trace elements
 iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, selenium, fluoride, copper,
manganese
Minerals
 4 minerals administered as single entities
 calcium
 iron
 potassium
 magnesium
Other Dietary Supplements
 Complementary alternative medicine (CAM)
 Incorrect belief that natural=safe
 36% of the population uses CAM
 Immune system modulators (Echinacea)
 Energy vitality CAM (ginseng, caffeine)
 Weight loss CAM (caffeine, ginseng, bitter orange)
 Women’s health CAM (calcium, soy)
 Depression CAM (St. John’s Wort)
 Bone/joint CAM (glucosamine/chondroitin)