Transcript CFEWE no.4
Industrial Transformation (IT) Project of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP) IT Research Project “Carbon Flows between Eastern & Western Europe” (CFEWE)* IHDP “Case Studies: The Czech Republic, the Republic of Poland and the Russian Federation” The Czech Republic, Republic of Poland and the Russian Federation began transitions to a market economy during the late 1980s and early 1990s. This transition was marked by: n Sharp declines in economic output and GDP n Decline in industrial output n Declining levels of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions The trends towards lower pollution levels and greenhouse gas emissions have been partially maintained through: n Stricter environmental controls and legislation n Sectoral restructuring n Lower energy demand Czech Republic The Czech government has monitored greenhouse gases since 1993. Greenhouse gas emissions have fallen, but various emission projects predict emission growth. Therefore the Czech government has developed a comprehensive program for greenhouse gas reduction. Republic of Poland The Republic of Poland has always relied heavily upon hard coals because of its geology – large deposits of coals. Coal has played a large role in the Polish economy, but its role is now diminishing, while that of hydrocarbon fuels is expected to increase. Renewable energy plays a small role in the energy sector (biomass and water). Russian Federation Russia exports oil and gas to two markets: the former Soviet Republics and all other countries. This represents an important source of hard currency for the country. IT International Project Office: • Pier Vellinga (chair) • Anna J. Wieczorek (co-ordinator) • Thomas Holmes (assistant co-ordinator) • Els Hunfeld (secretary) c/o Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) De Boelelaan 1115, 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel. +31 20 4449504, Fax +31 20 4449553 [email protected] [email protected] http://www.vu.nl/ivm/research/ihdp-it The fuel and energy complex makes up 27.5% of Russian production, and 43.9% of exports (in the late 1990s). Currently Russian exported gas amounts to 26% of the European gas markets. *EU Funded