Transcript 08WGC Chapter 16

Introduction
Section 1:
The Economy
Section 2:
People and Their
Environment
Visual Summary
Russia continues to adjust
to difficult political and
economic challenges,
including the transition
from the Soviet-controlled
command economy to a
market economy. This
transition requires Russia
to find a way to balance its
need for economic growth
with preservation of the
environment.
Section 1:
The Economy
Patterns of economic
interdependence vary
among the world’s
countries. Russia’s
transition from a Sovietcontrolled economy to a
market economy continues
as the country builds
relationships within the
global community.
Section 2: People and
Their Environment
Human actions modify
the physical
environment. Russia
must repair serious
damages from the Soviet
era while protecting and
making the best use of
natural resources for
economic growth.
The Economy
Russia is making the transition
to a market economy and
attempting to expand
international trade and build
political and financial
relationships within the global
community.
The Economy
• command
economy
• privatization
• kolkhoz
• consumer good • sovkhoz
• black market
• market economy
• illegal
• successor
• stability
The Economy
A. Siberia
B. Chechnya
C. Dagestan
The Economy
Does the outlook for the
Russian economy look
positive or negative?
A. Positive
A. A
B. B
A
0%
0%
B
B. Negative
Changing Economies
Russia has faced many challenges in its
transition from a command economy to a
market economy.
• Negative aspects of the economy:
– A weak banking system
– Foreign debt
– Unstable currency
– Corruption
Changing Economies (cont.)
• Progress:
– Privatization in the 1990s
– Reforms to balance the budget and cut
inflation
– Increase in the number of small businesses
– Growing middle class in Moscow and other
cities
Restructuring Employment
Which type of economy did
Russia previously have?
A. Market
B. Command
C. Black market
D. None of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Economic Activities
Russia’s transition to a market economy has
transformed agriculture and industry.
• Russia’s transition to a market economy has
included:
– Restructuring agriculture
– Privatizing industry
Economic Activities
(cont.)
– Opening markets to foreign investors
– Managing natural resource more efficiently
Russia’s GDP by Economic Activity
Russia’s most important industry is
extracting which resource?
A. Iron ore
B. Nickel
C. Petroleum
D. Manganese
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Transportation and Communications
Russia is developing and improving
transportation and communications
systems to help with the transition to a
market economy.
• Transporting goods:
– Mainly dependent on railroads and waterways
– Pipelines
Transportation and Communications
(cont.)
• Transporting people:
– Public transportation—trains, buses, subways
– Jet airplanes
Transportation and Communications
(cont.)
• Mass communications:
– Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russians
have heard and read new voices and fresh
views.
– Cell phone service has doubled in recent
years.
– Internet use is also popular.
How much of the Russian
population uses cell phones?
A. 15%
B. 25%
C. 40%
D. 45%
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Trade and Interdependence
Russia is expanding international trade and
is working to build political and financial
relationships within the global community.
• Trade:
– Energy and fuels account for over 53% of exports.
– Russia is a member of the Asia-Pacific
Cooperation (APEC) and the World Trade
Organization (WTO).
Other countries and world
organizations refuse to provide
loans and make funds available
to Russian industry.
A. True
A. A
B. B
0%
B
0%
A
B. False
People and Their Environment
Russia faces daunting
environmental challenges,
including repairing serious
damages from the Soviet era
and making the best use of vast
natural resources for economic
growth without causing further
damage to the environment.
People and Their Environment
• nuclear
waste
• pesticide
• radioactive
material
• contribute
• resident
• cite
People and Their Environment
A. Barents Sea
B. Baltic Sea
C. Bering Sea
D. Chernobyl
E. Lake Baikal
F. Noril′sk
G. Kamchatka
People and Their Environment
Some nuclear wastes
can remain radioactive
for how many years?
0%
A
C. Thousands
0%
C
B. Hundreds
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
A. Decades
Human Impact
The environmental damage caused by
Soviet-era industrialization continues to
pose risks to natural resources and human
health.
• Problems:
– Nuclear wastes during Cold War era
– Chernobyl fire in 1986
The Impact of Chernobyl, 1986
Human Impact (cont.)
– Water quality—industrialization has polluted
most of Russia’s lakes and rivers.
– Soil quality—toxic waste dumps, aging storage
containers, broken pipelines, fertilizers and
pesticides have poisoned the soil.
– Air quality—industries, vehicle emissions and
burning coal have produced acid rain and
pollution.
How many nuclear reactors are
still running in Russia?
A. 5
B. 21
C. 29
D. 45
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Managing Resources
Russia is trying to repair past damage to the
environment as well as manage natural
resources without causing further harm.
• The World Bank’s Sustainable Forestry Pilot Project
is helping Russia manage its forests.
• People have come together to oppose a mining
operation in remote Kamchatka.
If steps are taken to conserve the forests, some
of the rewards will be which of the following?
A. Increased employment
opportunities
B
A
E. All of the above
0%
0%
E
D. None of the above
D
C. Healthier environment
A. A
B. B
0%C.0% C0%
D. D
E. E
C
B. More stable local
economies
Challenges for the Future
Russia faces many challenges as the
country’s growing economy and demand for
natural resources impacts the environment.
• Threats to the environment:
– Supertrawlers are causing fish populations to
deplete.
Challenges for the Future (cont.)
– Pipelines that pass through wilderness may
leak or break.
– Global warming is causing the world’s largest
peat bog to defrost, releasing methane into the
atmosphere.
The controversial pipeline would
pass by which lake?
A. Lake Balkhash
B. Aral Sea
C. Caspian Sea
D. Lake Baikal
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
An Economic Facelift
Preserving Russia’s Natural Resources
•
Russia is a land of abundant
natural resources, such as oil
and timber.
•
The World Bank’s Sustainable
Forestry Pilot Project is helping
Russia protect against
deforestation.
•
The pollution of Russia’s water supply has been reduced
thanks to new industrial and pollution regulations.
•
Nuclear wastes, left over from the Soviet era, are still a
problem in some parts of Russia.
command economy
system of resource management in
which decisions about production and
distribution of goods and services are
made by a central authority
consumer goods
products and services that directly
satisfy human wants
black market
illegal trade of scarce or illegal goods,
usually sold at high prices
market economy
an economic system based on free
enterprise, in which businesses are
privately owned, and production and
prices are determined by supply and
demand
privatization
a change to private ownership of
state-owned companies and
industries
kolkhoz
in the Soviet Union, a small farm
worked by farmers who shared in the
farm’s production and profits
sovkhoz
in the Soviet Union, a large farm
owned and run by the state
nuclear waste
the by-product of producing nuclear
power
radioactive material
material contaminated by residue
from the generation of nuclear energy
pesticide
chemical used to kill insects, rodents,
and other pests
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