Transcript Library of Congress

570-577 QUIZ

1. The ___________ Points were Wilson’s plans for international
peacekeeping.

2. Wilson wanted to establish a __________ of ___________ as an
international peacekeeping body.

3. True/False: Congress approved passage for #2.

4. The “Great _____________” is the movement of half a million blacks
into Northern cities looking for work.

5. The ________ Scare was the fear of radicals that permeated
throughout the Untied States following WWI.
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Unit 12
First World War and the Great Depression
The “Big Stick” America Around the World
– Roosevelt and “Civilization”
– Justifying Intervention
– Protecting the Open Door in Asia
– Roosevelt mediated end to conflict
– Japan began to cease trade with America
– “Great White Fleet”
– The Iron Fisted Neighbor
– Ending European intervention in S. America
– “Roosevelt Corollary”
“Speak softly, but carry a big stick”
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Theodore Roosevelt
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The United States and Latin America, 1895-1941
The Panama Canal
– Panama was part of
Colombia
– Increase trade with Asia
– Tensions with negotiations
– USA financed a revolution
in Colombia to secure the
Canal
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Diplomacy and Morality

Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy”


Nicaragua Occupied
Diplomacy and Morality
 Intervention in Haiti and
the Dominican Republic
 Regime change in Mexico
 Veracruz Incident
 Pershing Expedition
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Woodrow Wilson
(Library of Congress)
 Important because it lays the groundwork for a
strained U.S.-Mexico relationship that plays a role
in World War I.
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Rights Reserved.
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Rights Reserved.
Origins of World War I

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
Gavrilio Princip
Franz Ferdinand Executed
Allies v. Central Powers
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The Road to War

The Collapse of the
European Peace
 Allies v. Central Powers
 Mobilization for War
 Germany supports A-H
 Germany declares war on
France and Russia
 Britain declares war on
Germany
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Promoting the War in Australia
(Private Collection)
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Wilson’s Neutrality

The Road to War
– Wilson’s Neutrality
 Sympathy with Britain
 Not really neutrality……
 Submarine Warfare
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The Lusitania in New York City (Library of Congress)
America Enters the War

Preparedness Versus Pacifism
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Pacifists and Interventionists

A War for Democracy
“Peace Without Victory”
 Zimmerman Telegram
 Germany continues unrestricted
submarine warfare

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The Election of 1916
The Military Struggle
 Limited damage from U-boats
 Bolshevik Revolution
 Russia removes itself from war
 America implements draft
 AEF under Gen. Pershing
 Argonne Forest
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Nov. 11, 1918 – War finally ends.
WWI Recruiting Poster by
James Montgomery Flagg (NARA)
Chapter Twenty-one:
America and the Great War
America in World War I: The Western Front, 1918.
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New Technology of Warfare
Trench Warfare
 Tanks and Flamethrowers
 Airplanes
 Submarines
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
Appalling Casualties
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Organizing the Economy for War
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Liberty Bonds
Americans lent the government
$23 billion!
War Industries Board

Bernard Baruch
Taxation
 Committee on Public Information
 Espionage and Sedition Acts
 Suppressing Dissent
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“liberty cabbage” and “liberty
sausage”
Selling Liberty Bonds
(NARA)
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Women Industrial Workers
(NARA)
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The Search for a New World Order
The Fourteen Points
 Recommendations for new boundaries
and nations
 International principles
 Proposal for a “League of
Nations”
 Wilson’s Idealistic Vision
 Allied Resistance
 Which two countries most
opposed these peace offerings?
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The Paris Peace Conference

The Paris Peace Conference
 Self interest, unease, and threat of
communism pervaded the conference
 Vindictive, allied powers imposed
heavy reparations
 Why were these reparations
a bad idea?
 The League of Nations was formed
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Woodrow Wilson
(Library of Congress)
The Ratification Battle

Henry Cabot Lodge resisted

Wilson traveled around U.S. supporting it, fell ill

The Senate rejected approval of the Treaty
 Why?
“I have found that you get nothing in this world
that is worthwhile without fighting for it.”
Woodrow Wilson
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Society in Turmoil

The Unstable Economy

It was difficult for society to adapt to
peace

5 million lost jobs, 100,000
businesses went bankrupt

Wages weren’t rising with inflation

Unions were not being recognized
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Demands of African Americans
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Black participation in war increased their
determination in society
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“Great Migration”

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Chicago Race Riot
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caused heightened racial tensions
38 dead, 537 injured
Universal Negro Improvement Assoc. True Sons of Freedom
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Encouraged black nationalism
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(Library of Congress)
African American Migration, 1910-1950
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UNIA Pamphlet
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The Red Scare
Popular Fear of Radicalism
 Creation of Communist International
 Palmer Raids
 6,000 people arrested

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Sacco and Vanzetti trials
 What happened to them?
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The Retreat from Idealism

Disillusionment and Reaction
Election of 1920 – Warren G. Harding wins

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Anarchists Bomb Wall Street New York 1920
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1919 Labor Unrest/Radicalism
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“A Return to Normalcy”
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Rights Reserved.
The Great Depression
Chapter 23
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1928 election
Herbert Hoover (Rep)
 Quiet and reserved
 Takes credit for economic
success in 1920s
 Offers no plans for change
Al Smith (Dem)
 Career politician
 Offers change in economic
and social policy
 Catholic
Result:
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The Coming of the Great Depression

Soaring Stock Market
 Too easy to gain credit
 What does this mean?

The Great Crash
Oct. 29, 1929
 16 million shares of stock traded
 “Black Tuesday”

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Wall Street
(Licensed for Use)
Stock Market Crash!!!!
Black Thursday: October 24, 1929
 12 million shares sold
 Drastic drop in prices
Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929
 Massive attempt to sell drops prices of stocks
 16 million stocks dumped in one day
 Stocks become worthless
 Dow Jones Industrial average lost 25% of value
Stock Market Crash!!!!
Impact of the crash:1929-1933

Value of stocks nationally:
 $89 billion to $19 billion

Unemployment:
 3.2% to 25.2%

Interest rates:
 5% to .6%

GDP:
 $104 billion to $59 billion

10,000 banks close
Result?
Great
Depression
(1929-1941)
Causes of the Great Depression

Poor Economic Diversification
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America relied too much on auto and construction
Uneven Distribution of Wealth

People didn’t have enough money…

International Debt Structure
 What were the issues?
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Too much credit

Buying on margin, speculation
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Progression of the Great Depression
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Banking Crisis
1930-1933 over 9,000 banks
collapsed
Money supply shrank
drastically
Plunging GNP
 Plunged 25%
 25% of the workforce was
unemployed

The Unemployed, 1930
(Library of Congress)
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Hoover’s Philosophy

Depressions were normal, healthy
part of business cycle

Depression will correct itself

Belief in “rugged Individualism”
and voluntary action

Government should do as little as
possible
No Direct Relief
PROBLEM:
Depression does not “fix itself”

Hoover asks businesses to
voluntarily hold wages and
employment

Economy continues to collapse

Democrats win 1930
Congressional Elections

Farmers rioting & destroying
crops

Starvation & Homelessness
haunts US
Hoover Acts: Too Little, Too Late
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Authorizes public works projects to build dams, bridges,
roads
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1932: Reconstruction Finance Corp. (RFC)
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Emergency financing to banks, RR companies, railroads and other
large businesses.
1933: Federal Home Loan Bank Act
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Lowered mort. Rates for homeowners.
Allowed farmers to refinance their loans
CRITICISM:
This aid goes to big companies and banks, does
not “trickle down” to average citizens
Construction of a Dam by William Gropper
Hoover does direct some government aid to major construction
projects, such as the
Boulder Dam (now called Hoover Dam)
Gassing of Bonus Army
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1932 – 10,000-20,000 veterans
march on Washington D.C.

WHY?

Patman Bill was rejected, army
told to go home
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2,000 men refused to move, they
were forced to by the U.S. Army
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More than 1,000 people were
gassed and their possessions were
burned
VIDEO
IMPACT?
Hoover’s popularity falls
lower.
Helps FDR win in 1932.
Election of 1932
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SETTING:
11 million unemployed
Depression since Oct. 1929
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ISSUES:
Stay the Course
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New Deal
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VS.
What were the major differences?

CANDIDATES:
Hebert Hoover, incumbent,
Republican
FDR, Democrat
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OUTCOME:
Landslide victory for FDR (472 to 59)
 mandate for radical reform
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