Transcript Human Development

Human Development
BY GEORGE CAUSER AND JOE DALE
Texts
• Alan Richards and John Waterbury. 2008. The Political
Economy of the Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview
Press, Chapter 4 (“Human capital: health, education, and
labor markets”)
• Tarik Yousef. 2003. Development, growth, and policy
reform in the Middle East and North Africa since 1950.
Journal of Economic Perspectives,18(3), 91-116.
• Lisa Blaydes and Mark Kayser. 2011. Counting calories:
Democracy and distribution in the developing world.
International Studies Quarterly, 55, pp. 807-908.
Development- A Concept
 Definitions- HDI,
AHDI, GDP per capita
 The need for a
balanced view;
inequality, quality of
life, life expectancy.
 Education, Health,
‘Calorie inequality’ all
pointed out as
measurements of
development
Health
 Two key important factors
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health and education
which are vital to labour
market
Garfield Significant
increases in young child
mortality are extremely
rare this century’
Child Immunisation key
Food supplements
10 % increase in girls
enrolment primary
education= 4.1 deaths per
1000 decrease
Education
• MENA in comparison to
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World has poor literacy
rates
Historical basis of states
with little established
legacy
Recent massive increase
in spending
Massive divisions Rural v
City
Standard of Education
poor within schools
Education
 Focus on University by
State
 Leads to high number of
Graduates
Families often focus on one
member which can reduce
average literacy rates
Economics
 Low Basepoint
 ‘Lowest levels of socioeconomic development in the world’
Tarik Yousef
 ‘Bloated’ public sector
 Corruption and the Black Market
 ‘Interventionist- Redistributive Model’
Labour Market
 Unemployment high; especially amongst educated
 ‘Rentier’ state and the Dutch Disease
 FDI? Industrial Strategy?
 Reform?
Counting Calories
 ‘Calorie Inequality’ and the
effect on development
 Gini co-efficient
Arab World, Kerala and Yemen
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OECD average HDI- 0.873
Kerala HDI-0.790
Arab World- 0.641
Yemen HDI- 0.462
Primary products exports to GDP- Yemen 46%
Reasons- Govt. policy in Kerala compared to MENA avg. and
Yemen
• Why is HDI inadequate
in both cases?
• What does Kerala prove
is good about HDI?
• Could the MENA learn
anything from Kerala?
Conclusion
 The MENA region is underdeveloped overall.
 Though it compares well to South Asia, given its wealth it
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has often struggled to mirror development per capita
Kerala as an example shows what investment in literacy
and health can achieve
However it also shows the struggles of an educated
workforce with inadequate employment opportunities
This is a shared problem with MENA
MENA has the resources to invest in other industries to
achieve this balanced growth