Transcript Development - dynamichumanworlds

GE21001 Dynamic Human Worlds
Lecture 5
Development, Power and Place
Dr. Susan P. Mains
Geography
Lecture Outline
Defining Development
Forms of Development:
- political context
-uneven development,
e.g., politics of tourism
-‘measures’
-Useful Readings:
*Radcliffe, S. (2005) Rethinking Development. In Cloke,
P., Crang, P. and Goodwin, M. (Eds) Introducing Human
Geographies. 2nd Edition. London, Hodder Arnold,
pp.200-210.
Willis, K. (2005) Theories of Development. In Cloke, P.,
Crang, P. and Goodwin, M. (Eds) Introducing Human
Geographies. 2nd Edition. London, Hodder Arnold, pp.
187-199.
Defining Development
• A range of social, economic, political and health
factors
• How do we measure “political development”?
• Shift from financial to more holistic measures
• Cultural context significant
• What kinds of “development” are desirable?
Defining Development
• “Development” created in a particular political
context
• President Harry Truman “underdevelopment”
1948 at the beginning of the Cold War
• Relational
• The idea of a continuum
• 1st, 2nd, and 3rd World, later a 4th?
– Again political context significant
– US imperialism
Uneven Development
• Socio-spatial
inequalities,
• Neil Smith—uneven
development
• Tourists visiting low
income
neighbourhoods
• Jamaica Kincaid
– A Small Place
• As Kincaid (1988, 18-19) notes in her novel, A Small Place,
exploring tourism and colonialism in Antigua:
• “Every native of every place is a potential tourist, and every tourist is
a native of somewhere. Every native everywhere lives a life of
overwhelming and crushing banality and boredom and desperation
and depression, and every deed, good and bad, is an attempt to
forget this. Every native would like to find a way out, every native
would like a rest, every native would like a tour. But some natives—
most natives in the world—cannot go anywhere. They are too poor.
They are too poor to go anywhere. They are too poor to escape the
reality of their lives; and they are too poor to live properly in the
place where they live, which is the very place you, the tourist, want
to go—so when the natives see you, the tourist, they envy you, they
envy your ability to leave your own banality and boredom, they envy
your ability to turn their own banality and boredom into a source of
pleasure for yourself.”
• http://mtvdesi.com/2011/01/26/poor-homeless-kids-indias-latesttourist-attraction/
• ‘Poor Homeless Kids = India’s Latest Tourist Attraction’
Ways of Measuring ‘Development’
Population Characteristics
Check the Population Reference Bureau: DataFinder
www.prb.org for up-to-date statistics
Doubling Time:
the measure of how long it will take the population
of an area to grow to twice its current size
Life Expectancy:
the average number of years a newborn infant can
expect to live
More Population Measurements
Total Fertility Rate (TFR):
the average number of children a woman
will have throughout her lifetime
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):
the number of deaths of infants less than 1
year of age compared to the number of live
births for that same year (or infant deaths
per 1,000 live births)
Education Indicators
Literacy rate: the percentage of the population
over age 15 years able to read and write, and is
often broken down by sex
Secondary School Enrolment
Economic Indicators
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): a monetary
measure of the value of goods and services
produced within a national economy over a given
period of time
Gross National Product (GNP): GDP + net income
from abroad
GNI PPP per capita: the Gross National Income
(with purchasing power parity) per person
Human Development Index
GDP and GNP are seriously deficient as measures
of economic activity:
• they omit whole areas of work
• they perversely count as wealth creation that
which may destroy the foundations of all
productive activity
Human Development Index: The United Nations
uses a Human Development Index, which is
calculated on measures of life expectancy,
educational attainment and personal income.
Non-Demographic Indicators III
Human Development Report (UNHDP)
Links between environmental and political contexts
Links between, infrastructure, policy, education &
health
Role of national and international institutions,
everyday experiences, obstacles and opportunities
for change
e.g., the politics of water
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYsZOI8gftU&feature=results_video&playne
xt=1&list=PL1C485D484939EC26
Millenium Development Goals
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Time specific targets
Millennium Summit (2000)
Millennium Declaration
8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Millennium Development Goals for 2015
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3p2VLTowAA&feature=related
Millenium Development Goals
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
The purpose of politics is to bring the greatest happiness to the greatest
number of people—Jeremy Bentham
Political Indicators
• Global Peace Index (2010)
– http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/01/12/human-rightsmaps-41-global-peace-index/
• The Map of Freedom
– http://www.worldaudit.org/
• Corruption Perceptions Index
– http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi
/2010/results
• Border Disputes
– E.g., the Arctic
– http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/arctic/
– http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/08/new-arctic-map-showsjust-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.php
Political Indicators
• Global Peace Index (2010)
– http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/01/12/human-rightsmaps-41-global-peace-index/
• The Map of Freedom
– http://www.worldaudit.org/
• Corruption Perceptions Index
– http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi
/2010/results
• Border Disputes
– E.g., the Arctic
– http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/arctic/
– http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/08/new-arctic-map-showsjust-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.php
Political Indicators
• Global Peace Index (2010)
– http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/01/12/human-rightsmaps-41-global-peace-index/
• The Map of Freedom
– http://www.worldaudit.org/
• Corruption Perceptions Index
– http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi
/2010/results
• Border Disputes
– E.g., the Arctic
– http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/arctic/
– http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/08/new-arctic-map-showsjust-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.php
Political Indicators
• Global Peace Index (2010)
– http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/01/12/human-rightsmaps-41-global-peace-index/
• The Map of Freedom
– http://www.worldaudit.org/
• Corruption Perceptions Index
– http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi
/2010/results
• Border Disputes
– E.g., the Arctic
– http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/arctic/
– http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/08/new-arctic-map-showsjust-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.php