Transcript indicators of globalization

Chapter 18
Globalization
by Martin Albrow
Copyright © 2004 by Nelson, a division of Thomson
Canada Limited.
1
THE THEME
•
•
Globalization is the growing interdependence
and mutual awareness among individuals and
economic, political, and social institutions.
Globalization is taking place in a new historical
era, the main features of which include:
• the emergence of a single transnational
economy;
• the relative weakness of the nation-state;
• the spread of a global culture and global
consciousness.
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2
INDICATORS OF
GLOBALIZATION
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DEFINITIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
•
•
•
The analytical definition highlights universal
factors (e.g., Giddens, who stresses the
transformation of space and time).
The historical definition focuses on specific
developments (e.g., Freidman, who focuses on
the post World War II period).
The merger of both perspectives (e.g.,
Robertson) defines globalization as the
compression and intensification of awareness
of the world, both of which have developed over
centuries but most intensely in recent times.
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MODERNITY AND ITS
OUTCOMES
Three forces impelled globalization:
•
Universalism: viewing and valuing the world from
a single set of concepts.
•
Imperialism: the imposition of European and then
American institutions around the world, often by
military means.
•
Capitalism: an economic system based on profit
and wage-labour, which constantly seeks to
expand into new markets.
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GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
•
•
•
•
Giddens argues that 19th and 20th century
modernization resulted in globalization.
Robertson argues that globalization began 2000
years ago and led to modernity.
Postmodernists argue that globalization is a
result of cultural fragmentation and
postindustrialism.
Albrow argues that globalization began only
about 20 years ago when many people began to
think about their personal lives in global terms
and lost confidence in modernity.
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INTERPRETATIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
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THE GLOBAL SHIFT
•
Social life is made up of people interacting on
various levels – household, community, nationstate, and global.
•
Globalism refers to values that make the fate of
humanity and the earth the centre of concern.
•
Globalist values are replacing the universalist
ideologies of industrial societies.
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8
THE GLOBAL LEVEL OF
ANALYSIS
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9
NATION-STATES AND
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
•
The sovereignty of states has declined as state
functions have been redistributed to supranational organizations (UN, IMF, NAFTA, EU,
etc.).
•
Globalization has consequently entered into the
heart of political debate, and some Western
governments have embraced its premises in
search of a “third way” beyond the political left
and right.
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10
MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS
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11
HUMAN RIGHTS AND
GLOBAL MOVEMENTS
•
New social movements are increasingly global
and address issues falling beyond the scope of
the authority of states.
•
Worldwide grassroots movements for political
rights, disarmament, environmental protection,
and poverty relief establish networks and put
pressure on international organizations.
• This process has been called “globalization
from below.”
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THE GLOBAL ECONOMY I
The global economy involves these elements:
•
•
•
•
•
•
international economic institutions (IMF);
transnational corporations (IBM, Nissan);
world financial markets (New York,
London);
global spread of new production
practices;
competitive economic nationalism; and
a worldwide division of labour and class
system.
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THE GLOBAL ECONOMY II
•
The global market refers to capitalism’s
amalgamation of the world’s territory into a
single market.
•
International agreements by the WTO have
reduced barriers to free trade worldwide and
made states more interdependent.
•
Capitalism in this process looks to new
sources of labour (e.g., women) and unsettles
all kinds of traditional relations.
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THE GLOBAL ECONOMY III
•
The expansion of markets is associated with
the growth of mega-corporations.
•
Advanced methods of transportation and
communication make it possible to assemble
finished products anywhere.
•
Ownership of firms has lost national identity;
corporate decisions can be made anywhere.
• Flexibility and lean production have become
watchwords in management and production.
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THE GLOBAL ECONOMY IV
•
The loss of independence of national economies
is best illustrated by the internationalization of
financial capital.
•
The great financial centres (New York, Tokyo,
London) are global cities in terms of both the
activities they finance and the people who do the
financing.
•
An international elite has formed – financiers and
executives of transnational corporations, senior
employees of international organizations, and
sports and media stars.
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WAGE
CHANGES
ADJUSTED
FOR PRICE
CHANGES,
BY REGION
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SOCIAL RELATIONS IN
A GLOBAL SOCIETY
Advanced transportation and communication lead to
time-space compression. The results:
•
more access to places and people but also
more fleeting relationships;
•
more migrant workers;
•
the spread of multiculturalism as a policy
for reducing tensions among ethnic and
racial groups; and
•
increased freedom of cultural choice and
mass tourism.
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VOLUME OF AIR TRANSPORT,
1970–2000
Insert Figure 18.5, p. 481
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SOURCES OF CANADIAN
IMMIGRANTS, 1946-96
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THE GLOBAL VILLAGE I
•
The interdependencies of the global era combined
with advanced science have led to the emergence
of new global risks.
•
The destruction of the ozone layer above the
atmosphere, the danger of global warming, and
other environmental issues are the main global
risks.
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THE GLOBAL VILLAGE II
There are two main theses concerning the relation
between globalization and culture:
•
The cultural homogenization thesis holds that
U.S. domination of global mass culture threatens
to wash away distinct national cultures.
•
The hybridization thesis focuses on the
fragmentation and diversification of cultural
expression. It holds that globalization engenders
choice as much as sameness.
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FOREIGN VISITORS, 1998
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THREE VIEWS OF THE FUTURE
Three views of the future are possible:
• The fragmentation of modern life and the
transformation of the nation-state involve the
disintegration of society.
• The new forms of life and relationships
developing in a globalized world make the idea
of society obsolescent.
• “Society” will persist if we revise our notion of it
to take account of its global dimension.
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SUPPLEMENTARY SLIDES
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25
A NEW ROLE FOR THE STATE
States must mediate and cushion impact of:
global
forces
domestic
on the
environment
Which push for
adjustment
Which pushes
for protection
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THE REGIONALIZATION
OF WORLD TRADE
This graphic illustrates
the network of world
trade in 1992. The
thickness of lines
shows
the volume of trade
between countries.
Colors distinguish
regional trading blocs.
Note that most world
trade took place within
regional trading
blocs, with the United
States, Germany, and
Japan at the center
of each of the three
main blocs.
INTEGRATION OF COUNTRIES IN
THE WORLD ECONOMY BY
INCOME LEVEL, 1998
Trade in goods as Foreign direct
% of GDP (PPP)
investment as %
of GDP (PPP)
Income level of
country
Low
8.3
0.9
Medium
22.1
1.6
High
38.3
5.7
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