Transcript The Globalization of International Relations

INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
2013–2014 Update
Tenth Edition
Joshua S. Goldstein
Jon C. Pevehouse
Chapter Two:
Realist Theories
French forces intervene in Mali, 2013.
2.1 Realism
Explain international relations in terms of power
Foundation is principle of dominance
Developed in reaction to a liberal tradition that realists
called idealism
Long tradition of realism
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2.1 Realism
Q: Modern realist theory developed in reaction to which of the
following?
A)
The Cold War
B)
Idealism
C)
Marxism
D)
Constructivism
Answer:
B) Idealism
True-False:
Realists believe that States are the least important actors in IR.
Answer:
False
2.2 Power
Defining Power
Estimating Power
Elements of Power
POWER AS INFLUENCE
Power is the ability to influence the behavior of others. Military force
and economic sanctions are among the various means that states
and nonstate actors use to try to influence each other. Russia’s
position as a major energy supplier to Europe has increased its
power in recent years even though its military threat to Europe has
decreased. In 2009 Russia shut off natural gas supplies during a
price dispute with Ukraine, a dispute shadowed by Russian anger
at Ukraine’s efforts to join NATO. The shutoff, visible here in a
pressure gauge reading zero, left customers across Europe without
heat. In 2010 Ukrainians elected a new president more friendly
toward Russia.
Power as Influence
The ability to get another actor to do what it would not
otherwise have done (or not to do what it would
have done)
Problem - seldom know what the targeted actor would
have done in the absence of first actor’s power
Power as Capability & Estimating Power
Specific characteristics or possessions of states
Easier to measure than influence
Total GDP may be the best single indicator of a state’s
power
Material elements of power
Nonmaterial elements of power
Soft power
Relative Power
Elements of Power
Long term
Short term
Fungibility
Geopolitics
THE ECONOMICS OF POWER
Military power such as tanks rests on economic strength, roughly
measured by GDP. The large U.S. economy supports U.S. military
predominance. In the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, the United States
could afford to send a large and technologically advanced military
force to the Middle East. Here, U.S. forces enter Iraq, March 2003.
2.2 Power
Q: With respect to power, __________.
A)
it is not difficult to accurately measure the power of
another state
B)
the relative power of a state is more important to realists
than the absolute power of a state
C)
more powerful states will always defeat weaker states in
war
D)
if a state’s own values become widely shared among other
states, it is harder to exercise power over them
Answer:
B) The relative power of a state is more important to
realists than the absolute power of a state
True-False:
Being landlocked is a geopolitical concern of states.
Answer:
True
2.3 The International System
Anarchy and Sovereignty
Balance of Power
Great Powers and Middle Powers
Power Distribution
Hegemony
The Great Power System, 1500-2000
Anarchy and Sovereignty
Anarchy
Sovereignty
Respect for the territorial integrity of all states within
recognized borders
Security dilemma
PASSPORT PLEASE
Sovereignty and territorial integrity are central norms governing the
behavior of states. Terrorism and secessionist movements present
two challenges to these norms, but the world’s mostly stable
borders uphold them. Every day, millions of people cross
international borders, mostly legally and peacefully, respecting
states’ territorial integrity. Here, tightrope walker Nik Wallenda
crosses the U.S.-Canadian border at Niagara Falls, 2012.
Balance of Power
One or more states’ power being used to balance that
of another state or group of states
Counterbalancing occurs regularly and maintains the
stability of the international system.
Great Powers and Middle Powers
Great powers
Middle Powers
Power Distribution
Neorealism
Polarity
Hegemony
Britain in 19th century and U.S. after WWII
Hegemonic stability theory
Ambivalent United States hegemony
CHINA RISING
Realists emphasize relative power as an explanation of war
and peace. The modernization of China’s military—in
conjunction with China’s rapidly growing economy—will
increase China’s power over the coming decades. Some
observers fear instability in Asia if the overall balance of
power among states in the region shifts rapidly. Here, a
nuclear-powered submarine sails near China’s coast, 2009.
PRICE OF HEGEMONY
The United States is the world’s most powerful single actor. Its
ability and willingness to resume a role as hegemon—as after
World War II—are important factors that will shape world order,
but the U.S. role is still uncertain. America’s willingness to
absorb casualties will affect its role. Here, soldiers return from
Afghanistan, 2009.
The Great-Power System: 1500-2000
Treaty of Westphalia, 1648
Rules took form in Europe in the 16th century
Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
Congress of Vienna (1815)
Concert of Europe
World Wars I and II
2.3 The International System
Q: What treaty is commonly thought of as the start of the
modern international system?
A)
Treaty of Versailles
B)
Treaty of Paris
C)
Treaty of Rome
D)
Treaty of Wesphalia
Answer:
D) Treaty of Westphalia
True-False:
The argument that a dominant state can enforce international
rules, avoid collective-action problems, and encourage peace
is known as the democratic stability theory.
Answer:
False
2.4 Alliances
Purposes of alliances
North Atlantic Treaty of Organizations (NATO)
Other alliances
Regional alignments
Purposes of Alliances
To augment individual members’ power by pooling
elements of power of all members
Generally formed in response to a perceived military or
economic threat
Based on cohesion
Affected by perceptions regarding members’ burden
sharing, credibility, honoring of commitments
MARRIAGE OF CONVENIENCE
Alliances generally result from a convergence of practical
interests, not for sentimental or ideological reasons. Here, a U.S.
general gets rival Afghan warlords to patch up relations in 2002.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Founded in 1949 to oppose and deter Soviet power in
Europe
Warsaw Pact created in 1955 to counter NATO power
First use of Article V - terrorist attacks on United States
in 2001
First actual use of force was in Bosnia in 1994
European Union rapid deployment force outside of
NATO
Issue of eastward expansion
ALLIANCE OF THE STRONG
The NATO alliance has been the world’s strongest military
force since 1949; its mission in the post–Cold War era is
somewhat uncertain. Here, President Kennedy reviews
U.S. forces in Germany in 1963.
Other Alliances
U.S.-Japanese Security Treaty
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Funeral of two Spanish soldiers killed in Afghanistan,
2010.
Regional Alignments
Most international alignments and coalitions are not formalized
alliances
Nonaligned movement
Organization of African Unity
Asia
Middle East
2.4 Alliances
Q: After the Cold War ended NATO forces were __________.
A)
cut
B)
expanded
C)
kept stable
D)
attacked
Answer:
A) cut
True-False:
A potential problem of forming an alliance is that great
powers will be dragged into wars with each other if their
respective client states go to war.
Answer:
True
2.5 Strategy
Statecraft
Rationality
The Prisoner’s Dilemma
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Prime Minister of India,
Manmohan Singh
Statecraft
Key aspect of strategy
Strategies
Example of China
Deterrence
Compellence
Escalation
Arms race
AMPLIFYING POWER
Coherent strategy can help a state make the most of its power.
China’s foreign policy is generally directed toward its most
important regional interests, above all preventing Taiwan’s formal
independence. Despite conflicts with a number of its neighbors,
China has had no military engagements for 25 years. Here,
China uses its veto in the UN Security Council for only the fifth
time ever, to end a peacekeeping mission in Macedonia, which
had just established ties with Taiwan, 1999.
INTERNAL DIVISIONS
The unitary actor assumption holds that states make important
decisions as though they were single individuals able to act in
the national interest. In truth, factions and organizations with
differing interests put conflicting pressures on state leaders. In
extreme cases, weak states do not control the armed factions
within them. These Somali pirates being captured by Turkish
commandos in 2009 are just one of the internal groups, ranging
from autonomous territories to Islamist militants, that operate
with impunity within Somalia.
Rationality
Most realists (and many nonrealists) assume that those
who wield power while engaging in statecraft
behave as rational actors in their efforts to influence
others
Two implications of this view
The Prisoner’s Dilemma
Game theory
Prisoner’s Dilemma Game
The “Game of Chicken”
2.5 Strategy
Q: As regards rationality, __________.
A)
decision-makers often lack necessary information to
accurately estimate the costs of an action
B)
it is relatively easy to determine the national interest,
because all states are interested in power
C)
states arrive at decisions through their strongest leader,
which is also known as the unitary-actor assumption
D)
it is easy to calculate intangible political benefits against the
tangible costs of a way
Answer:
A) decision-makers often lack necessary information to
accurately estimate the costs of an action
True-False:
The wealth of trust between the two prisoners is the most
likely explanations of the Prisoner’s Dilemma.
Answer:
False
Chapter Discussion Question
Why does the international system traditionally
place great emphasis on the sovereignty of states,
their right to control affairs in their own territory,
and their responsibility to respect internationally
recognized borders?