Transcript Slide 1

Unified Innovation Theory for ReDesigning Africa’s Development
Agenda
The 5th International Conference on Appropriate Technology
November 20-24, 2012, Saint George Hotel, Convention Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
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November 20-24, 2012
Mammo Muchie: (SARChI) on Innovation Studies, IERI, TUT,Pretoria, South Africa, Professor,
DIR,Aalborg University & Senior Research Associate, SLPMTD, Oxford University, UK.
Outline
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Inspiration
Theoretical Background
Africa’s Growth Pattern over the Years
Problems with the Current African Development
Agenda (ADA)?
Variables for Re-Designing the Development
Agenda
Useful Models for ADA
Concluding Remarks
Inspiration
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”The future is not some place we are going, but one
we are creating. The paths to it are not found but
made, and the activity of making them changes both
the makers and the destination.” (John Schaar)
”Africa is not really ’poor’ as many portray it:it is
poorly managed and yet to be developed.” Duncan
Clarke, Business in Africa Corporate Rights, Penguin
Books, 2012, p.17)
After the colonial interregnum of about 70 years there
emerged the struggle for survival:of the fittest,fastest,
favoured and fattest(ibid:p. 20)
Theoretical Background
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There is an established literature on innovation
systems spanning from Fredrich List (1885),
Schumpeter (1934) and recently evolutionary
economics (Nelson and Winter, 1982).
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The range of areas that innovation system
covered can be captured by drawing a mental
map
Figure 1: Innovation Systems - Theories/ Concepts/ Typologies/
Taxonomies
Spatial
Economic & Social
1. Global
2. National
3. Regional & Sub-regional
4. Cities/ Metropolitan/ Local
1. Innovation primarily driven
by profit motives
Industry/ Technology
Specific
1. Sectoral
2. Agricultural
3. Manufacturing
4. Services
5. Technology specific such as
ICT and Biotechnology
2. Innovation primarily driven
by social objectives
Innovation Systems
Technological/ innovation
Complexity
1. Incremental
2. Radical
3. Revolutionary
4. Systemic
5. Paradigm
Innovation Types
1. Product
2. Process
3. Service
4. Organisation
5. Modular & Design
Towards Unified Innovation
System
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The unified innovation system is not new. We have always
probed the issue trying to explore the linkages between
innovation systems and industrial economic growth
(narrowly), and between innovation systems and structural
social and economic development/transformation (more
broadly).
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As a consequence we have generated a number of models
trying to capture as realistically as possible the uneven and
lopsided existence of the innovation landscapes in large
developing countries such as India, China, South Africa and
Brazil and even smaller countries in Africa (e.g. Muchie et al,
2003).
Unified System of Innovation & African
Development Agenda
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By taking Africa’s economic development
challenges as the case, it is possible to explore
how science, technology, engineering and
innovation (STEI) can be integrated in
designing an African development agenda
How unified systems of innovation concept
can be employed to link STEI with the African
development agenda.
STEI IN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT
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The description of Africa with the language of failure is
challenged by the rise of Africa.
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There is now a welcome beginning where Africa is no longer
to be observed with either the lens of pessimism or optimism.
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Realism in seeing the African development dynamics is
emerging as the perspective.
Even the Economist (December 3, 2011) that characterized
Africa in 2005 as the ‘hopeless continent’ now describes it as a
hopeful continent. Similar observations have been made also
characterizing Africa from a basket case to a breadbasket
(Juma, 2011).
It looks there is good news in the air for Africa.
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THE RISE OF AFRICA!
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The rise of Africa is now on the development agenda.
The question is what development trajectory is evolving with this rise.
It is Africans that must solve Africa’s problems.
A study by the McKinsey Global Institute (2010) stated: “If Africa can
provide its young people with education and skills they need, this large
workforce could account for a significant share of global consumption and
production”.
“Some African countries, termed the African Lions, are showing a clean
pair of heels to the much-vaunted BRICS emerging markets…10 African
countries have per capita incomes greater than China; 17 enjoy a greater
per capita GDP than India. Life expectancy in the African Lions countries
is higher than the average in the BRICS - 75 years compared to 69 in the
latter” (Versi, 2012, p.13).
The McKinsey Global Institute Classification
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In category one are what it describes as the advanced, pre-transition and
transition economies. Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco and South Africa are
classified as advanced.
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The second tier advancing transition countries are the oil economies of
Nigeria, Angola and Algeria.
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The third category includes countries like Ghana, Kenya and Senegal with
lower GDP per capita than those classified under advanced and transition
groups of countries.
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The countries classified as pre-transition states include the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia and Mali with per capita income as low as
353 US dollars.
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Despite these very hopeful developments Africa remains an agricultural
and mineral based economy where much of the export is from the mines
of African countries and farmland.
Transforming the African Resource based
Economy
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Transformation of the African resource based economy is thus more than
the availability or abundance of physical and financial capital. In fact
wealth in the form of financial and physical capital without strong human
and mental capital can be a burden, even a curse.
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There is a social and technical component in building these much needed
social and human capitals.
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On the technical side it requires establishing a robust African STEI for
building and sustaining the African developmental infrastructure.
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On the social side it is imperative to build a governance system that puts as
a priority the wellbeing, capability, freedom, learning and innovative
acumen of the population with fairness and clear, transparent, accountable
justice for all.
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Africa’s Long -Cycle Growth
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1500-1870--- GDP growth rates 0.15 %
1820-70 ------------ 0.7 %
1870-1913--------1.3%
1913-60------ 2.8 %
1960-1980…. 4.5 %
1980-1990…. 2.3 %
1990-2000----- less than 2.8 %
2000- 2010…. 4.8 %
Factors Impacting on Africa’s
EconomicDevelopment Picture
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On the long Term cycle:
Global economic boom or decline
Demographic expansion
Structural unemployment
Employment growth does not necessarily
match positive annual growth rates
Governance and other regulatory conditions
From 1980s to 2010
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Annaul per capita growth declined to 0.7%
GDP did expand during the same period
But per capita income was dampened by
demographic growth
What long cycle growth can Africa expect by
2050?
Three recent different perceptions on Africa
Some More Claims Indicating
Africa’s Potential
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Africa’s Collective GDP at 1.6 trillion dollars is now roughly
equal to that of Brazil or Russia
South African GDP is said to outrank that of Belgium and
Sweden!
The DRC Congo has untapped raw material deposits estimated
at 24 trillion dollars that is worth the combined GDP of
Europe and USA
In 2011 Ghana had the fastest growing GDP at 14 % in the
world!
Foreign Direct investment is booming in Africa, 20 billion in
credit extended by China …
… and so on..
Re-Branding Africa Continues
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Not Just from Hopeless to Hopeful
(Economist)
But also: Say—be—do… to: be---do –say
Africa Rising
A Fresh chapter is opening in Africa’s history (
UK’s Guardian)
Why Africa is leaving Europe Behind—
Financial Times)
FDI to Africa
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FDI from India grew from 1 % in 2003 to 14 % in 2010
Middle East from 3 % to 12 % at the same time
China’s grew from 1 % to 10 % in the same period
Overall emerging markets contributed 50 % of FDI
USA ’s FDI declined from 30 % in 2003 to 8 % in 2010
The UK’s share has fallen from 12 to 11 %
France from 10 to 8 %
51 % of Africa’s FDI is in resources and most FDI goes to 5
countries: Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Algeria and Angola.
FDI from BRICs
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Huawei has become a global company that has
prioritised Africa in terms of product
development,manufacturing and market
access. In 2010, it invested 9 % of its turnover
in research and development in Africa,
showing its commitment to a long-term
presence on the continent.(p.46)
Lions on the Move
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2.6 trillion dollars of business opportunity by 2020
1, 380 dollars billion opportunity from consumer
such as food and beverage, non-food consumer
goods, telecommunications and financial services
Agriculture will represent 880 billion opportunity by
2030, 600 billion dollars more than today
Infrastructure .. By 2020 infrastructure 200 billion
dollars, more than 130 billion dollars today
Resources.. 540 billion dollars by 2020 , 110 billion
dollars more than today. (p.34)
Problems of African Development
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Poor social capital that makes finance,
physical and other capitals to disrupt social
cohesion
Lack of adequate capital of the mind or
human capital: the gold in the head needs to
excavate the gold in the mines!
Prevalaence of donor-prenurship
Rent-seeking- prenurship
Tender-prenurship
Problems with the African
development Agenda
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Agriculture-manufacture-services are weakly
integrated in nearly all current African States
Agriculture remains primary occupation for the
majority African population, manufacturing grows
very unevenly and slowly, service caters mostly for
outside consumers
The informal and formal economies are bifurcated
and not connected
The informal is very large, the formal is smaller in
most states.
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SET is not embedded systematically to create
products with added value and unite the African
economic system at any level at the moment!
The world is going through a data revolution that is
creating products with senses, while Africa remains
an economy mainly and largely that exports primary
resources: minerals and agriculture!
Can we truly say we have an African economic
growth strategy? Or each of the states have
developed a strategy that works for Africa and the
well being of the people?
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In addition: Indigenous knowledge is not mapped
and researched systematically
SET is not communicated or exchanged at the
community level to upgrade and develop the
community level knowledge
Knowledge that is useful has not been promoted to
innovation systematically
Those who have the knowledge do not often know
the economic value of what they own
There is thus a great need to excavate this knowledge
And develop indicators appropriate to this knowledge
The African research area is still waiting to be made!
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There is still a job to be done: to intergrate
agriculture, manufacturing and services
Linking community level indigenous knowledge with
SET and design
From a resource to a knowledge, learning, innovative
and competent independent economy
Connecting or articulating informal with formal
economy
To use SET infrastructure, training and research to
build an integrated learning, competent African
national economy.
To develop a unifying economic growth strategy that
works for Africa!
New Approaches
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There is a need to open the door for theories that are
grounded and contexualized in the African setting
and that can serve also as lenses to illuminate the
empirical reality and specificity of the African
situation
Such appreciative reorientation in anchoring the
African development agenda would require the
innovation approach to integrate KLICs with African
development
Explore new conceptual lenses for examining the
African development dynamics:
Variables Necessary for ReDesigning the Development agenda
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Inclusive
Sustainable
SMART(Specific, measurable, action oriented, realistic and timely)
Integrated horizontally in order to manage vertical links with the global economy
Nation-state vs. State-nation
Knowledge,Learning, innovation and comptence building systems (KLICs)
Removing entrepreneurishp drought
Removing systematically tenderpreneurship,donorpreneurship & rent seeking
preneurship
Wellbeing anchored and empowering
Strong social and human capital anchorage
Competition with collaboration
Building a shared African identity
Ecologically sound and removing social wellbeing and spatial disparity
To achieve
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An ability to integrate the various state and
economic policies to inform an integrated
African development agenda or shared
project that centres on making sure an
African horizontally inter-linked economy
fully emerges by building the capability to
valorise external links to build the African
economy.
Conceptual Re-Framing
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The theory of productive power which argues that the causes
of wealth are different from wealth itself or making wealth
from exporting raw and importing cooked need changing to
less raw and more cooked exports and less cooked imports!
Knowing and agreeing to building the African system of
science, technology, engineering and innovation by reducing
or even eradicating the current collaborative distance
amongst the key stakeholders in Africa
Knowing how to combine Indigenous knowledge with
knowledge gleaned outside Africa
Knowing how to move from the domination of knowledge or
technology transfer to knowledge exchange[1]
Conceptual Re-Framing
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Knowing how to engage in smart, inclusive, sustainable and integrated
African structural transformation by a well crafted and managed
synthesis of the economic, social,cultural, environmental and political
processes.
Knowing how to be far when near the global economy and how to be
near when far from it as well
Creating structural transformation from agriculture to manufacture and
services through a co-evolutionary dynamics rather than a linear
economic development logic
An ability to integrate the various state and economic policies to inform
an integrated African development agenda that centres on making sure
an African developing horizontally inter-linked economy is made fully
and not as it is currently practised by retaining at a disporportinate scale
the vertical links external to Africa based on exporting raw materials and
importing services and luxury products and merchandise.
Re-Framing with List’s Productive
Power
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List is right in his claim that a national political economy
facing constraints needs to find a way to organise
transformation!
Those that trade in raw materials and agriculture remain
underdeveloped
Those that build productive power have made it (e.g.USA,
Germany, Japan, East Asian Tigers)
The lesson is clear: if a nation wants to develop, it has to
organise its national system of political economy with a logic
of stimulating rapidly and comprehensively productive power.
Otherwise it can have very rich minerals and agriculture and
territorial size, but will remain underveloped!
List’s strategy
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Industralisation and manufacturing to be driven by a
capable nation and state
Incentives to those who take risks of creating new
industries
Building the capital of the mind and training and
spreading education to cover comprehensively the
nation as a whole
Choice of industries for protection on the basis of
knowledge, experience and linkages with the rest of
the national economy (p.69)
Development of agriculture necessary to industralise
Re-design with a Unified Systems of
Innovation Focusing Device
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The creation of the national system of production and consumption
Knowledge,Learning, innovation and competence building skills (Klics)
Networking ideas, economies, actors and institutions
Bringing about resource circulations to break lopsided and uneven
development between urban and rural areas, formal and informal activities
in African various categories of economies.
Learning interactions emerging from the process of applying science,
technology, engineering and innovation into production
The influence of the social, cultural and institutional particularities in
making science, technology, engineering and innovation in changing,
creating, mobilising and distributing resources.
The system of innovation acknowledges the significance and relevance of
the African varied spatial context for economic change despite the
constraints of globalisation.
Different Approaches within Innovation
System
Some approaches stress more on the
problem of development and economic
competitiveness of developing countries
through the application of STEI without
excluding entirely others
Other approaches concentrate more on
industrialized economies institutions and
policies to absorb, modify and diffuse new
technologies without excluding others.
Others propose a global reach where what
is independent is the understanding of the
process of innovation, learning and
competence building for economic growth,
development, competitiveness, efficiency
and productivity.
Figure 8: Appreciatve Approaches In the Innovation Studies Literature
Approach 1:
National System of
1. Key concepts are related to initiating or creating innovation to diffusing to importing
and modifying in order to diffuse new innovations.
2. Spectrum includes from initiating and creating new technologies to importing and
appropriation of created new technologies.
Innovation (NSI)
defined originally by
Freeman and Others
3. Provides the conceptual approach or framework for using the national innovation
system for all economies at various stages of development without dividing them first
into developed and developing economies.
1. Appreciates the empirical specificities and contexts of developing countries.
Approach 2:
National Technology
System (NTS) by Sanjaya
Lall and others
Approach 3:
Broader NSI -
3. Provides the conceptual approach or framework for using the natonal technology
stystem (NTS) for developing economies.
3. NTS captures the capacity they have developed in order to absorb, adapt and
improve the acquired or transferred technology and know-how from elsewhere by
developing countries.
1. Tries to broaden the national system of innovation to include problems and
challenges of underdevelopment.
2. Tries to bridge the gap that may exist between innovation system dynamics and
economic development.
Stimulated by the
Globelics network (e.g.
Muchie et al., 2003)
3. Tries to combine innovation creation and technology acquisition or absorption and
adoption to attain technology efficiencies to improve economic competitiveness for
accelerating the development process .
1. The triple helix concept of university-industry-government relations to explain
innovation in knowledge-based societies.
Approach 4:
Triple Helix concept
developed by Etzkowitz
and Leysdesdorff
2. Suggests that innovation progresses in a spiral where multiple reciprocal relations
are captured in the process of knowledge commercialisation. The models from the
triple helix highlight the internal transformation of each of the helices.
3.Ttriple helix can also be extended like the national innovation system, but much of
the original work came from the industrial economies.
Figure 4: National System of Innovation (Wider Setting): A Conceptual Framework
NSI
1. Well developed
2. Learning/transitional
3. Nacent/ weak
SET 1
Concptual framing
General
investment
climate
& economic
policy
framework
SET2
Institutions,
technologies and
knowledge
Market, per
capita income,
domestic
savings
Industrial
structure
SET 3
Incentives,
investment and
infrastructure
Financial
institutions
6 Major Components of NSI Element Set 2 & 3
SET4
Implementation/
learning outcomes
and changes
Foreign trade
Skills, R&D
and
Technology
development
But a Refrain ?
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In Africa, the nation is still a unit that has not been
fully realised. The system is also still in the process of
making and cannot be assumed it has been fully
made. Innovation itself has many dimensions from
the broad grassroots and community level to that
driven by R & D. In a context where the concepts are
contested, it remains challenging how to frame and
use the NSI without running into the dilemma of
imitating rather than creating and making the national
system.
In the African Context?
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It may be time for a shift of focus from NSI
(national systems of innovation) to NIS
(Networked Innovation Systems) with
boundaries of various natures giving way to
the facilitation and incentivisation of networks
that can or be often self-organising and selfmaintaining. That is open for debate as the
states in Africa pretend they are nations and
very often tend to produce National Innovation
System plans!
Models for re-designing the African
development agenda
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Conceptual framework
Realising efficient linkages &interactions
Unifying all the relevant components of the
system
Overcoming the challenges
From SETI to Outcomes
Knowledge assimilation and exchange
UNIFIED INNOVATION MODEL FOR RE-DESIGNING THE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
CURRENT SCENARIO
Growth indeterminate
Technology transfer- external
Services- external
Not integrated
Dependence on low value
sectors only
DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME
Inclusive
Indigenous knowledge
Bottom-up
People centred
Social capital
AGRICULTURE
(LOW
TECHNOLOGY)
AGRICULTUR
E
(HIGH
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFORMATION
MANUFACTURING
Unified system of Innovation
Integrated & Networked
Growth determinate
Technological learning
Inclusive development
Poverty reduction
Dependence on both high value
and low value sectors
MANUFACTURING
SERVICES
SERVICES
Radical
Incremental
Revolutionary
Importance of R & D
Innovation= f(resources; skills; education; politics; knowledge (scientific and indigenous); policies; trade; investment in R & D)
Development outcome
Figure 1: Major Elements of National Innovation System (NIS)
Conceptual Framework::
Ideas, policies need to be rooted
/ linked to conceptual framework
Implementation and
Learning:
Institutions, Technologies,
and Knowledge:
Implementation of strategies,
policies and programmes should
include feedback mechanisms
NIS
Ability to learn and ability to
take corrective measures are
imperative for building
technological capabilities and
innovation dynamics.
Incentives:
Appropriate incentives to
institutions lead to
co-evolutionary dynamics
between institution, technology,
and knowledge production by
linking economic and
non-economic agents.
Need strong interaction,
linkages, synergies, and
co-ordination to achieve more
efficient innovation system and
higher level of technology
accumulation
Figure 2: Linkages between Institutions, Technologies, Knowledge
and Incentives in NIS
Efficient or Inefficient
National Innovation System
Infrastructure:
Science & Technology,
Intellectual Property Rights,
Government Policy, ICT, and
S&T Culture.
Investment:
R&D Expenditure and
Government R&D Support,
Venture Capital, and FDI .
Relations and
Linkages:
University-Industry Linkages,
Public R&D and Industry,
Globalisation of MNC R&D,
Transnational Networks.
Knowledge and Talent:
Education and Human
Resources development, and
Labour Flexibility.
Technology
•ICT
•Nano-tech
•Bio-tech
Space
Sector
•Nation
•Region
•Local
•city
•Agriculture
•Manufacturing
•Pharmacy
•electronics
Politics
•Ideology
•Governance
•Institutions
•policies
Knowledge
Technology
Hybrids
Economics
•Market
•Agents
•Incentives
System of
Innovation
Innovation
Firm
•SME
•MNC
•SOE
•Product
•Process
•Organisational
•institutional
Unifying model of SI
Key Problem:
Building NSI in
fragmented 53 ,
states caught in
prisoners dilemma
situation
today
Any chances for
Building NSI at
AU,NEPAD,RECs
levels?
NSI by Accepting the
Fragmentary current
logic
A
Africa caught in
an unstable
state
of non-selfregenerating
NSI achievable
2015/7/21
Locally embedded
triple helix
emerging rather
than the donor
driven one today
Neutralising
the fragmentation
Of the RECs
Unsettling
switching state
for embedding
NSI locally at
Africa level or
not
Africa First
emerging as the
logo and a united
approach to NSI
building favoured
Actual
Dynamic NSI building
State emerging
The unity Will
and Stability for
NSI at
integrated Africa
level reached &
achieved
43
Figure 4: Unified Innovation System Conceptual Framework for New Transformative
Development Dynamics in Developing Economies
Unified Innovation
System Conceptual
Framework
Innovation System:
Spatial
Technology Specific
Sector Specific
Firm level
Type/ complexty
Development
Transformation
Dynamics
Non-System to System
Developing
Economies
Outcomes
Building productive power to transform selected sectors
to a stage of manufacture whilst including the excluded
communities by promoting broad based innovation
Figure 5: Locating Development Economics in the Unified System of Innovation
Currently Predominant
Development Context
that Needs Change
Transformative
Dynamics
New Development
Context - Maturity
OUTCOMES
Problematic Assumptions:
We can't assume system
exists, innovation takes
place, institutional
framewrok and knowledge
exist.
Need to Recognize:
- Problem of Non-system
- Lack of innovation
- Lack of Knowledge/ R&D
- Lack of Institutions
- Lack of User-producer
Links
This EXCLUDES
economies in which
institutions, markets, and
firms are not strong.
SYSTEM OF INNOVATION
Different Types: Spatial,
Firms, Technology Specific,
and Industry Specific.
- System oriented
- Innovation oriented
-Human & Social capital
enhancing
- Economic development
Creating Different Types of
Innovation System: Spatial
, Firms, Technology Specific,
and Industry Specific.
Recognize:
- Creating System
dynamics
- Creating
Innovationcapabilities
- Building Knowledge/ R&D
base
- Creating and strengthening
Institutions
- Creating User-producer Links
Results in INCLUDING
economies in which
institutions, markets, and
firms are not strong.
Figure 6: Rethinking Innovation System Approach for Ecologically / Socially Sustainable
Development and Growth
OLD MODEL
NEW MODEL
Linear
Co-evolutionary
NSI
for Competitive
Economic Growth
NSI
for Achieving High
GDP Growth
OUTCOMES:
High Growth at the
Expense of Ecology
Sociail Inequality & Spatial
Uneveness
Reframing NSI
for Ecologically
Sustainable
Economic Growth
Reframing NSI
for Socially Inclusive
Economic Growth
OUTCOMES:
Growth with Sustainable
Ecology
Sociail Inclusiveness &
Spatial Justice
South Africa's Dilemma in the Globalised Economy
Globalised Environment
Traditional Link
Coutries/ Rest of
the World
Regional
Environment
BRICS
South Africa
Rest of Africa
Nation- State vs.State Nation
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List understood Germany was a nation
It was a nation state trying to catch up with
Britain which is another nation state
In Africa we have now many states trying to
make nations
It is not clear how successful this has been
The African nation should be on the agenda
Integration is necessary to re-design the
development agenda too!
Rich Africa, inhabited with mostly poorer Africans!
Africa before the current state-nation
tearing up…
Africans traded with the
World, China and India.
After the Scramble for Africa
this is what Africa looked like…
COLONIAL RULE IN AFRICA
The impact was tremendous…
The Kingdoms shredded
Ethnic differences used to
arrange divide and rule!
Re-Design Infrastructure
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Interconnecting Africa to exist as an African
integrated entity, there must be a strong effort to
create a comprehensive system of infrastructure.
Building infrastructure is not only technical. It
includes economic and politics too. To date the
African effort to interconnect with predictable and
well managed infrastructure has remained poor. It
needs to change. Africa needs a networked road
system. It needs a networked railway system. It needs
a networked telecommunication system. It needs to
develop a networked infrastructure that interlinks the
Africa land, air, and sea making it easier for an
African integrated economic system to evolve.
Networked Systems of Innovation
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The networking of industry requires the
networking of economics and politics. It is not
easy to run an African railway system without
networking and coordinating policy where the
sharing of the costs and the gains are both just
and fair
Re-Designing Africa’s Role in
Space: the SKA
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The square kilometres array (SKA) radio telescope is
now going to be driven in Africa by South Africa.
The SKA is expected to be used to explore the spatial
universe, the stars, galaxies, the dark matter and
astrophysical processes. Knowledge related to unified
field theory to understand not just how the universe
works the way it does but also why it works will be
explored. This research and opportunity has now been
won by South Africa’s DST successful bidding. Now
the real challenge is to get all of Africa behind this
SKA exploration on the one hand and for South
Africa to be open and welcome primarily other
Africans first before inviting others.
Re-Design:Youth Focused
Development Agenda
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The youth fall under the following categories
Unemployed… skilled but jobless
Unederemployed- skill mismtach
Unemployable– no skill
Re-engineered strategies should be applied to address
the real needs of youth
Contexualise the youth needs and assess the talents
Nurture the talents with hope, encouragement and
confidence
Knowledge, Learning, Innovation
and Capability Systems (KLICs)
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Diffuse from the bottom up to build wellbeing
Change Pyramids: bottom—Middle-----Top
Inclusive
Sustainale
Poverty free
Integrated
Harmonious
Ubuntu value anchored Africa
Concluding Remark

We need not only the words but also to
discover the grammar to grasp African entity
in its current largely fragmentationdependence state in order to transform it into
the being of an enabled self- sustaining
capability building systemic dynamics to relaunch and re-design the African development
agenda on a secure pedigree.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
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African development agenda does not exist yet
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The unified innovation system framework can be
useful to provide the lens to see how to integrate
STEI in Africa’s social and economic dynamics to
build an integrated African development agenda
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Africa appears to lack the two key resources that can
transform the African economy on an independent
trajectory: capital of the mind and trust capital
CONCLUDING REMARKS
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In order to integrate STEI to build an integrated
African development agenda it is important to pursue
African unity and to overcome existing weaknesses.
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We propose that making a unified innovation system
for the African development agenda can also
integrate the capital of the mind (mental capital) and
the social capital (the capital to build interactive
inter-African trustful and confident relationships and
learning).
Finally
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Amsegnalehu
Asante Sana
Thank you!!
Wishing for a sustianble and robust Indialics!
Some Useful Links
www.ajstid.com
www.ansole.org
www.nesglobal.org/125symp
www.nesglobal.org/au10
www.nesglobal.org/wshop
www.nesglobal.org/ee-jrif