Transcript The role of the State in national system of innovation in

The role of the State
in national system of innovation in Russia
Tatiana Kuznetsova
Director, Centre for S&T, Innovation
and Information Policies,
Institute for Statistical Studies and
Economics of Knowledge,
Thiruvananthapuram,
India, August 19-21
2009
Higher School of Economics
E-mail: [email protected]
Current socio-economic context –
completing transition to the market economy and
transforming of the socio-economic and political system
• Democratisation and liberalisation, lowering the level of
social confrontation, development of civil society
elements
• Implementation of market self-regulation instruments and
institutions
• Setup of a new public administration system, lowering
barriers for business activity
• Strengthening Russia’s global position
2
Current economic trends
(% of the previous year)
2005
2006
2007
20002007
2008
(est)
March 2009 /
March 2008
GDP
106.4
107.4
107.6
107.0
105.6
90.5
Consumer price index
109.9
109.0
112.0
113.6
114.1
101.3
Industrial production index
104.0
104.4
106.0
105.8
102.1
86.3
Capital investment
110.9
113.7
120.0
112.5
109.1
84.6
Real cash earnings
112.4
113.3
110.3
111.6
102.7
99.9
Real average monthly wages
112.6
113.3
115.8
115.0
109.7
94.3
Retail turnover
112.8
113.9
115.0
111.6
113.0
96.0
Turnover of services purchased by the public
106.3
107.6
107.2
105.7
112.8
96.7
Exports
133.1
124.7
116.5
122.1
140.2
-
Imports
128.8
131.3
136.8
124.6
134.9
-
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Internal restraints
on the development of Russia’s economy
• Economic growth, quality of life – ensured by earnings from
exporting oil, gas and raw materials;
• Structural misbalances, technological gap with leading industrial
nations
• Monopolisation on local markets, low incentives to advance
productivity and competitiveness
• Inadequate protection of ownership rights
• Lack of incentives for a “pragmatic coalition” between business,
government and public
• High regional differentiation
• Significant inequality in income distribution and social infrastructure
development
4
Major indicators of the S&T complex
2000
2003
2005
2006
2007
GERD at constant 1989 prices (bln roubles)
3.3
4.8
4.6
4.9
5.6
GERD as a % of GDP
1.05
1.28
1.07
1.08
1.12
FBA on civil S&T at constant 1991 prices (bln roubles)
2.00
3.22
4.16
4.54
5.5
FBA on civil S&T as a % of GDP
0.23
0.31
0.36
0.36
0.4
R&D personnel per 10 000 employment
138
130
122
122
135
Patent applications with the indication of Russia in Russia (thousands)
28.7
30.7
32.3
37.7
39.4
Patents granted (thousands)
17.6
24.7
23.4
23.3
23.0
Technology balance of payments (mln of US dollars)
20.6
-428.7
-564.8
-595.0
-796.0
R&D institutions
4099
3797
3566
3622
3957
323
264
231
255
265
among them industrial enterprises
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Gross domestic expenditure on R&D
400000
371080.3
12000
10898.2
350000
10000
288805.2
300000
8000
230785.2
7287.6
250000
196039.9
200000
5547.9
169862.4
150000
3056.3 2928.7
3223.3
100000
2485.4 2721.2
2980.5
2578.1
105260.7
3321.2
2863.1
6000
135004.5
4795.2
4344.7
4608.0
4550.9
4918.0
4000
3912.6
50000
13.1
20.0
140.6 1317.2 5146.1 12149.5
48050.5
24449.7 25082.1
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
2000
76697.1
19393.9
1996
1997
1998
1999
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
At current prices, mln roubles; before 1998 – bln roubles
An constant 1989 prices, thousand roubles, before 1998 - mln roubles
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Interim conclusion
R&D sector in Russia: still developing along rather conflicting trends
“+”
• growth of funding
• preservation of strong
position:
– in basic R&D and
– in certain priority fields of
applied R&D
“-”
• stagnation of the national S&T
• preservation of the Soviet
model:
– Russian science is relatively
large (vis-à-vis its scientific
and technological outcomes)
– centrally directed and
– government-financed
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Organisational structure
The network of R&D-performing institutions and its scale have
remained nearly intact over the recent years
• Their number – 3,957 ( 2007), only 2.5% lower than ten years ago
• Institutional features are also rather sustainable
• R&D sector is dominated by research institutes (51.5% of all units,
60% of R&D personnel) and design organisations (12.6%, 22.5%,
respectively)
• Research and design organisations are legally independent of
universities and businesses: only 265 industrial enterprises (6.7%
of R&D units, 7.1% of R&D personnel) and 500 universities
(12.6% and 5%), regularly engaged in R&D
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GERD growth
Positive trends
GERD increase
1998-2007 – more than 20 times
at constant prices – more than 2 times
Negative trends
Russia
Other economies
GERD
(% of GDP)
1.07 (2006);
1.12 (2007)
Israel – 4.65%; Japan – 3.39%;
USA – 2.62%; China – 1.42%
GERD (PPP)
17.1 bln. $ (2006);
25.1 bln. $ (2007)
17 times lower than in USA; 7 – in Japan;
4 – in China; 3.3 – in Germany; 1.5 – in Britain
BARD (PPP)
12 bln. $
(civil R&D, 2006)
2-2,5 times lower than in France, Germany,
Britain; 3,5 – than in Japan; 14 – than in USA
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Productivity: competitiveness loss
Publication in World Scientific
Journals
Russia – 2.42%, 11th position in the world (1995 –
7, 1980 – 3);
China – 9.13, 2nd position (1995 – 1.6, 14 position)
Technology exports
Russia – 0.63 bln $; Finland – 3.8 bln $; Austria –
6.1 bln $; USA – 85.9 bln $
Resident patent applications
Russia is lagging behind Japan – 12 times, USA –
7.8, Korea – 3.4 times
Share of the global hi-tech market
Russia – 0.28 %; Gong-Kong – 5.44%; Singapore –
4.58%; Korea – 3.85%
Innovative activity of enterprises
Russia – 9.3%
EU: from 14.7% (Latvia) – to 69.7% (Germany)
Share of innovative products in
total sales of industrial products
Russia – 1.28%;
Germany – 5, Finland – 3.9, France – 3.1%
Share of innovative products in
total industrial products
Russia – 2.9%;
Germany – 25.5, Finland – 23.7, France – 20.7%
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S&T and innovation policies
• Objectives – largely determined by a complex of
various socio-economic and political factors
• Government – was recently able to channel additional
resources into this sector.
• Nation – needs to deal with a whole set of complex
issues simultaneously
• Dual challenge for S&T and innovation policies – to
stimulate both sides of markets for innovation –
demand and supply
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New cycle of strategic documents and
implementation programmes
• Strategy for S&T and Innovation in the Russian
Federation until 2015 (2006)
• Federal Target-Oriented Programme “Research and
Development in Priority Areas for the S&T Complex
Development in Russia for 2007-2012” (2006)
• President’s report – On the Strategy of Russia’s
Development until 2020 (2008)
• Conception of a Long-Term Development until 2020
(2008)
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Key strategic agenda
• Despite their inevitable adjustment against the
background of the global financial crisis, the outlined in
these documents measures will in the long run allow to
tackle the principal systemic problem of the national
S&T complex – the combination of low efficiency in
using resources (for R&D) and insufficient demand for
innovation from businesses.
• The ultimate anticipated result is growth in quality and
scale of Russia’s S&T output supplied and increased
demand for technology and innovation from industry.
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Policy actions intended for S&T and
innovation (Conception -2020)
• Promoting demand for new technology and innovation
from companies
• Increasing the quality and scale of output offered by
national S&T
• Developing human capital in line with challenges and
requirements of innovative economy
• Setting up an efficient system for selecting and
implementing long-term S&T priorities
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Major focus areas of national S&T and
innovation policies
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Priority setting; national S&T Foresight exercise for 2025
Support to nanoindustry
Restructuring government R&D institutions
Evaluation of R&D units’ performance
Improving legislation for the protection of intellectual property
rights and technology commercialisation
Public-private partnership
Tax incentives for R&D and innovation
Innovation infrastructure
International S&T cooperation
Support to university research
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Restructuring government R&D
institutions
• Traditional domination of the state-owned budget-funded
institutions (as in the USSR) remains one of the key features of
the Russian S&T sector
• Various types of commercial and non-for-profit organisations were
allowed during the transition to the market economy, but there was
little change with the respect to government R&D organisations
• Nearly 43% R&D organisations in Russia were set up and are fully
funded by the government
• Legislation imposes strict limitations on their legal rights that in
many cases contradict with both academic freedom and economic
reality
• Government R&D institutions, while claiming significant budgetary
allocations, do not provide any guarantees for their efficient use,
there is no link between performance and funding
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Evaluation of R&D units’ performance
• Post-Soviet period – research evaluation exercises have been
limited to selection procedures for financing of competitive
projects by government agencies and state science foundations;
R&D institutions stayed intact
• To reverse the trend a government statement “On the system of
performance evaluation for civil R&D organisations” (2008) was
adopted.
• Its main goals – to establish procedures and criteria for regular
performance assessments of government R&D organisations and
optimise their network.
• The regulation combines periodical statistical surveys (once in 5
years) with activities of evaluation commissions involving major
interest groups (government agencies, business, academia,
scientific community, NGOs)
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Support to university research
•
•
•
•
National Priority Project “Education” – competitive institutional grants to
HEIs implementing innovative education programmes (2006-2007).
Research universities initiative – to support best universities as centres of
excellence. Two HEIs in Moscow were recognised as national research
universities. In 2009, a follow-up programme to select another 10-15
research universities in different S&T areas started.
Federal Programme “Science and Education Manpower for Innovative
Russia” (2008) for 2009-2013 – various actions to attract young talents
and highly-skilled professionals to HEIs and R&D institutions.
Federal law “On Changes to the Selected Laws of the Russian Federation
Concerning the Integration of Education and Science”(2007) – legal
basis for different models of integrating science with university training
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Russian S&T under the impact of
global economic crisis:
search for new strategies
•
•
•
The need to adjust innovative efforts of the government in view of the
crisis is obvious and is confirmed by the anti-crisis practice of most of
industrial nations
These programmes normally focus on recovering macroeconomic
parameters as well as on ensuring national competitiveness in the postcrisis period
institutional reforms to overcome departmental miscoordination, to
increase efficiency of R&D organisations
– concentration of resources in the centres of excellence
– additional policy measures to expand opportunities for public research
organisations and HEIs to participate in innovation activities, facilitate
academic mobility, etc.
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Thank you!
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