Transcript Slide 1

Action on Climate Change in South
Africa: Challenges And Opportunities
Shirley Moroka
9 August 2006, São Paolo, Brazil
This Presentation:
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Institutional arrangements
Energy mix and emissions
Vulnerability and adaptation
What has been done?
Current activities
The need for a plan of action
Institutional arrangements
• DEAT focal point- coordination role
• IMC- DEAT, DST, DME, DFA, DoA, DWAF,
DoT, DPE
• IDC (GCCC)- same as above
• NCCC- National departments, Provinces,
Municipalities, academia, industry, NGOs,
Energy Overview: Supply 2004
80
60
% 40
20
0
Coal
Oil
Biom as
Gas
Hydro
Nuclear
68.7
17.8
8.7
3.3
0.7
0.7
Where do SA’s emissions come from?
• Key sources of emissions
– Energy sector ~80% of GHG emissions
– Supply on its own 45% (Eskom and Sasol) …
– … but also users – industry, transport, others
• The challenge of mitigation in SA is an energy question
• No question that the fuel mix will have to change
– if SA is to take some responsibility for mitigation
• SA’s emissions are increasing …
• … and high in international comparison
Major sources of emissions are energy supply and
use
Agriculture
9%
Waste
4%
Industry
8%
Energy industries
45%
Fugitive emissions
2%
Other energy
7%
Transport
11%
Industrial energy
14%
Share of national GHG emissions, 1994
Emissions from electricity projected to
increase over time
300
250
Mt CO2
200
Projected CO2 emissions from
electricity supply, NIRP reference
case
150
100
50
0
Based on data for the NER’s 2003/4 National Integrated Resource Plan
SA’s share of emissions, GDP and
population
1.23%
0.92%
0.73%
Emissions
GDP
Population
SA's share of global total
Data source: Climate Analysis Indicator Tool, WRI
SA emissions in international comparison
• SA contributes 1-1.5% of global emissions
• Share differs, depending on gases, sources and
time-frame considered
• SA’s share of annual energy CO2
emissions is more than 50% higher than for
historical cumulative CO2 emissions with
LULUCF
• Challenge for SA:
– Emissions per GDP and per capita high
POINTS OF VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE
CHANGE DUE TO DIRECT IMPACTS
DIRECT IMPACTS
ECONOMIC
• Water Resources
• Fossil fuel based economy
• Agriculture
• Coal exporter
• Forestry
• Human Health
• Biodiversity
• Developing economy
• Financial constraints
• Insufficient appropriate
technology
Some programmes that have been
implemented in SA to adapt?
• Sectoral programmes focused on poverty
– Landcare – transforms unsustainable agricultural
practice
– Working for Water – alien plant removal to restore
water
– Working for Wetlands – restoration of water sources
– Working on Fire – Fire control
• Potential for the use of LULUCF & sink strategies for
mitigation are limited
– Little forest cover
– For SA, LULUCF is a vulnerability & adaptation
issue
What has SA done in response to
climate change?
• National climate change response strategy
• Outreach,
– National climate change conference
– Ministerial Indaba
• CDM DNA established
• Renewable energy target
– 10 000 GWh by 2013
• Energy efficiency strategy
– 12% less final energy demand than BAU in 2014
• NEM-Air Quality Act provisions
– Controlled emitters
– Controlled fuels
– Reporting
– Air quality management plans
– Priority pollutants??
– Etc.
CDM in South Africa
• Small but growing
• Established Designated National Authority in the Dept of
Minerals & Energy (http://www.dme.gov.za)
– 29 CDM projects submitted to the DNA (11 PDDs, 18 PINs)
– 44 MtCO2 over the period 2005 to 2012; possibly 942 Mt in
PINs
• Actively engaging in carbon markets
– Emissions derivative trading on JHB Stock Exchange
• Markets need certainty to secure carbon as a long term
tradable commodity i.e. second commitment period for Kyoto
(article 3.9)
• Uneven geographical distribution issue for Africa
Current Activities
• Air Quality Act implementation
• GHG inventory systems
• Vehicles emissions strategy
• Climate change R&D strategy
• Technology needs assessment
• Sector implementation plans of the national
climate change response strategy
• Bio-fuels task-force (food security & water
scarcity)
South Africa understands urgency
of action
“One of our most urgent challenges as the global
community is to convince all nations to join and
support the international effort to reduce the
emissions of greenhouse gases. I have no doubt
that the next few years will be crucial to move us
out of an approach of stalling, of avoidance, and
of excuses to one where we all accept our
responsibility to deal with climate change within
an inclusive multilateral international framework.
Climate change is a global scourge and requires
a unified global partnership for action”.
– Minister van Schalkwyk, April 2005 at ‘Champion of the Earth’ award
Need for a Plan of Action
• All nations accept responsibility to deal with
climate change within an inclusive multilateral
regime that balances adaptation & mitigation
• Consolidate fragmented decisions into a
coherent programme of work.
• Coordinate different strands of work
• Supported by financing and improved
investment environment from both public and
private sources
• Engage – political level; private sector, finance
ministers, public …
Thank You