Transcript ANTISEPTIC AND DISINFECTANT

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physical or chemical agents that prevent
putrefaction, infection, and analogous changes in
food and living tissue by destroying or arresting
the development of microorganisms. Since
ancient times food has been preserved by the
use of antiseptic agents such as heat in cooking;
niter, salt, and vinegar in corning and pickling;
and wood smoke (containing creosote,
chemically similar to carbolic acid) in the
smoking of meats. In modern times the principal
antiseptic agents used in the preservation of food
are heat and cold in such processes as canning,
pasteurization, and refrigeration.
 Disinfectants
should not damage the
materials that are being treated (change the
colour, lead to metal corrosion, etc).The
absence of an offensive odour is desirable.
 Phenol coefficient (the ratio between the
concentrations of phenol and the antiseptic
under test, in which both substances
provide equal antimicrobialeffect) is a
common measure of antiseptic activity.
 The
mechanisms of action of different
antiseptics and disinfectants vary; they
may include protein denaturation,
impairment of plasma membrane
permeability and inhibition of the
enzymes which are required for the vital
activity of microbes.
 According to their chemical structures,
these preparations fall into the following
groups
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Detergens
Cerigelum
Derivatives of nitrofuran
Nitrofural
Group of phenol and its derivatives
Phenol
Resorcin
Birch tar
Dues
Brilliant green
Methylene blue
Ethacridine
Halogens
Chlorhexidine
Chloramine B
Iodine
Salts of metals
Mercuri dichloride
Mercuri oxide
Silver nitrate
Copper sulfate
Salts of metals
Mercuri dichloride
Mercuri oxide
Silver nitrate
Copper sulfate
Zinc oxide
Zinc sulfate
Oxidizing agents
Hydrogen peroxide
Potassium permanganate
Aldehydes and alcohols
Formaldehyde
Ethanol
Acids and bases
Boric acid
Ammonium solution

trace element, present in a hormone of the thyroid
gland that is involved in growth-controlling and other
metabolic functions. Without iodine, stunted growth
and conditions such as goiter can result. Thus in
areas where iodine is not sufficiently abundant
naturally, iodine-containing salt serves to make up
the deficit. In medicine, iodine-alcohol solutions and
iodine complexes have been used as antiseptics and
disinfectants. Radioisotopes of iodine are used in
medical and other fields of research. More broadly,
various iodine compounds find use in photography,
the making of dyes, and cloud-seeding operations. In
chemistry, various iodine compounds serve as strong
oxidizing agents, among other uses.
 Mercury
forms monovalent and divalent
compounds. Among the commercially
important compounds of mercury are
mercuric sulfide, a common antiseptic also
used as the pigment vermilion; mercurous
chloride, or calomel, used for electrodes,
and formerly used as a cathartic; mercuric
chloride, or corrosive sublimate; and
organic compounds used as disinfectants,
germicides, and antiseptics, known as
mercurials.
The value of antiseptics and disinfectants is very
large. They are used in the treatment of infected
wounds, lesions microorganisms skin and mucous
membranes, water treatment and food, for
disinfection of medical instruments, clothes, etc.
Antiseptics and disinfectants should have a broad
spectrum ¬ thrombosis action against
microorganisms, protozoa and fungi,
characterized by a low latency of action and high
activity, including in the presence of biological
substrates. Importantly, the formulations were
stable and available mimic in terms of production
and cost.
 Important
requirements for antiseptics are
no local adverse ¬ th (eg, irritation) of the
action on the tissues, minimal absorbability
from the place of their application, the
absence of allergenic effects and low toxicity.
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Disinfectants should not damage the workpiece (¬
adopt changes color, corrode metals, etc.). It is
desirable to lack of unpleasant odor ¬ tion.
A common criterion for evaluating the ac ¬ ciency is
the so-called antiseptics ¬ emy phenol coefficient
(the ratio of the concentrations of phenol and test
anti ¬ septic tank in which substances have Odie ¬
tical antimicrobial effect).
The mechanism of action of different antiseptics and
disinfectants varies and may be associated with
protein denaturation, ¬ violations on permeability of
the plasma membrane, inhibition of important life ¬
microbial activity of enzymes.
According to the chemical structure of drugs are
discussed in the following groups.
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Detergents
Tserigel
Nitrofuran derivatives
Furatsilinom
Group of phenol and its derivatives
Pure phenol resorcinol Birch Tar
Dyes
Brilliant Green Methylene Blue etakridina lactate
Halogen compounds
Chloramine B chlorhexidine alcohol solution of iodine
The metal compounds
Mercury Mercury dichloride oxide yellow
Silver nitrate, copper sulphate
Zinc Oxide Zinc Sulphate
Oxidants
A solution of potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide
Aldehydes and alcohols
Ethanol solution of formaldehyde
Acids and alkalis
Boric acid solution of ammonia
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Detergents or cationic soaps, detergents and have antiseptic
properties. They affect many bacteria and fungi. One such drug is
tserigel. It comprises a cationic detergent monochetvertichnuyu ammonium salt cetylpyridinium chloride,
and ethyl alcohol and polyvinyl butyral. Belongs to this group
and Rokkan, has pronounced surface activity. It is a monoquaternary ammonium salt. Detergents are used for the
treatment of hand surgery, sterilization of instruments and
equipment. Conventional concentrations tissue irritation they
cause.
Detergents can be combined with anionic soaps, as this
decreases their antimicrobial activity. The action of detergents is
also reduced to under ¬ presence of organic matter.
An important group of antiseptics are nitrofuran derivatives.
These include furatsilin (Nitrofurazone, nitrofurazone).
Nitrofurans have a broad spectrum of action. They are
detrimental effect on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria,
protozoa.
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Furatsilinom used mainly topically for treatment of wounds, skin, mucous
membranes, wash serous and joint canvases. Transferred ¬ furatsilin relates
generally good. Sometimes it causes sensitization, dermatitis.
Group of phenol and its derivatives include many well-known anti ¬ septic
aromatic. These include oxybenzene (pure phenol) and aioksibenzoly
(resorcinol, etc.). Phenol acts mainly on vegetative bacteria and fungi. Phenol
solution used to disinfect the tool, household items.
Note that toxic phenol having high lipophilicity, is easily absorbed from the skin
and mucous membranes.
Resorcinol for antibacterial activity gives phenol. In low concentrations ¬
centrations resorcinol has keratoplastic property in large - ¬ capable of
damaging stimuli and keratolytic. Use it with some skin diseases ¬ tions (eg,
eczema, seborrhea, etc.), conjunctivitis.
The composition includes phenol birch tar and derivatives thereof, gums, and
other compounds. A preparation in the dry distillation of birch bark. Be tar ¬
cuts has antimicrobial, keratoplastic, keratolytic and irritating effects. It is used
in the treatment of certain skin diseases ¬ vany and scabies.
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Birch Tar is one of the components of the liniment balsa ¬ nomic
by AV Vishnevsky (Vishnevsky ointment) used in the treatment
of wounds ¬ chenii and ointments Wilkinson, appointed in
scabies and fungal ¬ on the expressions of the skin.
The group of dyes include a number of compounds with different
chemical stro ¬ eniya. The most widely used derivative of
triphenylmethane DIAMONDS ¬ vy green. Sometimes the use of
the phenothiazine methylene blue and acridine derivative
etakridina lactate.
Especially sensitive to dyes Gram-positive cocci.
Brilliant green is a highly active and relatively rapid ¬
rodeystvuyuschim antiseptic. In the presence of proteins reduces
the efficiency of its ¬ Xia. Applied externally, mainly in purulent
skin lesions (pyoderma).
• Among the effective chlorine antiseptic chlorhexidine is a biguanide
derivative (hibitan). It has antibacterial and antifungal action. It is used
for the treatment of hand surgery, the surgical field, wounds, urinary
bladder, as well as for sterilizing instruments. In processing the
surgeon's hands are possible dry skin, dermatitis.
By chlorinated compounds is also pantotsid used to disinfect water.
In widely used as an antiseptic iodine alcohol solution, which is
characterized as irritating and distracting effects.
In addition to compositions comprising elemental iodine refers Lugol's
solution (consisting of 1 part of iodine, 2 parts of potassium iodide and
17 parts of water) at ¬ replaceable for lubricating mucous membrane
of the pharynx and larynx during inflammatory ¬ cesses.
A significant number of antiseptics provided compounds (salts) IU ¬
als.
The mechanism of action of the antimicrobial metal salts at low
concentrations ¬ tions associated with the blocking of sulfhydryl
groups of enzymes of micro ¬ isms.
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In high concentrations, depending on the nature of the metal and
oxygen ¬ acid residue, salt concentration, degree of dissociation
and solubility can be various local effects: astringent, irritating,
Presser ¬ ity of the incoming (necrotizing).
Local effect of metal salts due to the denaturation of proteins. ¬
forming schiesya with albuminates can be dense and doughy. In
the first case, the surface of the fabric form a film, the fabric is
compacted, reduced inflammation ¬ creases, this pattern is
typical of the binding activities. With deeper penetration pro ¬
substance is irritating cells and nerve endings. Extreme
manifestation of a cauterizing effect of metal salts. After ¬ dnee
more pronounced than the more soluble albuminates.
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Methylene blue (metiltioniya chloride, methylene blue) ¬ ledge is
on the activity of brilliant green. It is used externally as a
antiseptic inside with infections of the urinary tract, as well as
intravenously with cyanide poisoning. Efficacy in the latter case
due to the fact that methylene blue (high doses) needs
hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which comes into contact with
cyanide to form nontoxic cyanmethemoglobin.
Etakridina lactate (rivanol) painted in yellow color. Most had
fairly high, but the action is slow. Apply it out ¬ but for the
washing of infected cavities (pleura, peritoneum), bladder,
uterus.
Antiseptic agents are halogen containing ¬ E chloro and iodo.
The most active antiseptics containing basic halo ¬ genes or
excusing them. One of the drugs that are split off chlorine,
chloramine B is having antibacterial and deodorizing properties.
It is used to disinfect secretions of patients (eg, abdominal ¬ nom
typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, etc.), household items, nonmetallic ¬ strumentariya Institute, as well as for the treatment of
hands and infected wound surfaces.
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On the solubility of the resulting albumins in water
and biological fluid ¬ bones metals can be arranged
in the following order: PB ... Al, Zn, Cu, Ag, ... Hg.
We lead salts is most pronounced astringent (form
dense al ¬ buminaty) for salts of mercury - cautery.
Simultaneously, in this series of lead to mercury
increases antimicrobial activity.
As antiseptics greatest interest are the metal salts
on the right side row, particularly mercury
and silver.
Of mercury salts are used as antiseptics following
preparations: