Transcript spices and condiments

HERB AND SPICES
• Impart aroma, color and taste
to food preparation
• Aromatic fruits, flower, bark
• Mask undesirable odor
• Used as medicines, natural dyes, perfume,
cosmetics
• Chemically alcohols, aldehydes, amines,
esters, ketones, terpenes,
Essential oils
• Aroma due to essential oils
• Can be extracted through fractional
distillation
• Essential oils common in leaves, flowers,
bark, root, stem, glands etc.
• Fatty oils: Produced only in seeds
• Volatile lipid (oil) soluble portion of fluid of
plant with odoriferous compounds produced
through steam distillation of plant matter
• Secondary plant product
• These oils are characterized as terpenes
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons with isoprene
molecules (C5H6)
• Complex mixture
• Orange oil 34 alcohols, 30 esters and 20
aldehydes, 14 ketones, 10 carboxylic acids,
and 36 varieties of Terpenoids compounds
• Life Blood of plants: Circulate through plant
tissues, pass through cell wall, carrying
nutrients to cells and waste products out
• When applied, carry oxygen to cell and waste
products out
• Natural Cleanser
• Act as hormones within plant body
• Maintain homeostasis
• Antimicrobial
• Repel Insects
• Act as herbicide
• Desert bushes secrete oil
• Protection in Lima beans against spider mites
• Tendency to identify good bacteria and
nourish them
• Alkalize body in contradiction to antibodies
• Shield from sunlight in desert plants
• Platyphyllol from cajeput oil a good blocker
of UV light and used in commercial skin
blocks
• Haze in Western United States during dry
period a cloud of essential oils preventing
plant from dehydration
• Help in pollination through smell
• Communication between plant and animal
either through smell or sight
• Most insects color blind
• Small terpenes (mono) important constituent
of essential oil
• Large Terpenoids (tetraterpenoid) give color
to carrot, tomato etc
• Catnip plant loved by cats secret pheromones
• Pheromones message carrying molecules i.e.,
aldehydes, ketones , esters etc.
• Jasmine attracts certain night flying insect so
strongest fragrance released after midnight
• When a flower ages, pollination completed,
loses its scent because its purpose is fulfilled
• Essential oils are end products of metabolic
pathways
• In flowers, they serve as pollinators due to
their alluring scent
• Discourage herbivores, insects, bacteria and
Fungal pathogens
• Antimicrobial properties
• Kill food borne bacteria
• Onion, garlic
Spices
Botanical
Name
Edible
parts
Major
Source/Origin
Aniseed
Trachyspermu Seed
m ammi
Mexico,
Netherlands
Basil
Ocimum
basilicum
France, USA
Bay Leaf
Fruit
Laurus nobilis Leaf
Turkey, USA
Cordamom Elettaria
cardamomum
Large
Amomum
Cordamom subulatum
Fruit
Fruit
India
India, Nepal,
China
Chilli
Capsicum
frutescens
Fruit
India, Japan
Cinnamon Cinnamomum
verum
Bark
Sri lanka,
India
Clove
Buds
Indonesia,
Malaysia
Coriandrum
sativum
Fruit
Agentine,
India
Cumin
|
Cuminum
cyminum
Fruit
India, Iran
Fennel
Foeniculum
vulgare
Fruit
Argentine,
Bulgaria
Coriander
Syzygium
aromaticum
Garlic
Ginger
Mint
Mustard
Allium
sativum
Zingiber
officinalis
Mentha
piperita
Brassica
nigra
Poppy
Argentine,
India
Allium cepa
Rhizome India, Nigeria
Bulgaria,
Leaf
Egypt
Canda,
Seed
Denmark
Agentine,
Bulb
Romania
piper nigrum
Fruit
Brazil, India
Seed
Netherlands,
Poland
Onion
Black
pepper
Bulb
papaver
somniferum
Rosemary Rosmarinus
officinalis
Leaf
France,
Spain
Pistil
Saffron
Crocus sativus of
flower Spain
Sage
Salvia
officinalis
Leaf
Albania
Star anise Illicium verum
Fruit
China
Tamarind Tamarindus
indica
Fruit
Indonesia
Thyme
Thymus
France,
vulgaris
Leaf
Spain
Turmeric
Rhizo
Curcuma longa me
China
Vanilla
Vanilla
Fruit/B
planifolia
eans Indonesia
Aromatherapy
• Healing using essential oils
• Connection of mind, body and spirit to
overcome sickness
• Essential oils can be absorbed through nose,
lungs and skin that trigger physiological
responses
• Oil can affect immune system and endocrine
system, mood, memory, emotions and
performance
• Oils antiseptic, anti-inflammatory
• Using Vicks (active ingredients camphor,
menthol, eucalyptus oil) aromatherapy
• Lavender oil useful
• Some oils toxic due to high ketones content
Commonly used Essential oils for
Aromatherapy
Essential oils
Bulgarian rose
Eucalyptus
Ginger
Lavender
Pine
Rosemary
Sandalwood
Common uses
Antiseptic
Anti-inflammatory
Bronchitis
Antiseptic, Relaxation
Asthma
Depression
Acne, Depression
Bulgarian rose
Cinnamon
• Fragrant Bark from Cinnamomum zeylanicum
tree
• Native to India, Sri Lanka
• Outer bark is scraped away and inner cut into
fragments
• Used for baking, medicines, perfumes, scents
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Black and White Pepper
• Obtained from dried berries of Piper nigrum
• Family Piperaceae
• Peppercorn or ground form
Piper nigrum
Ginger and Turmeric
• Ginger (Zingiber officinalis) rhizome of family
Zingiberaceae
• Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
• Both medicinal plant due to antimicrobial
properties
Saffron
• World most expensive spice
• Delicate stigma of Crocus sativus
• Zafaran (Arabic word) yellow
• Stigma from 150,000-20,000 flowers yield 1kg
of spice
Crocus sativus
Herbs
• Aromatic leaves
• Mint (Lamiaceae) important source of herb
• Peppermint, oregano, sweet basil, thyme
• Herbs reflect cultures
• Menthol constituent of peppermint oil
Oregano
Thyme
• Brassicaceae (Mustard family)
• Seeds of Brassica nigra, B. alba used as herbs
• Mustard produced from seeds of B. alba
• Antimicrobial properties
• Used in aromatherapy
Herbs as Dye
• Direct dyes soluble in water and picked up by
fibres
• Turmeric and safflower direct dye
• Mordant dyes do not impart color directly
• Need to be treated with mordant
• Mordant fixes the dye to the fabric
• Lichens contain alum, a mordant
Books Recommended
• Chemistry of Essential oils by David Stewart