Transcript Asian Biomass Center

Production of Renewable Energy and Fuels for
Thailand’s Rural and Agricultural Communities
Thailand/United States
Annual Conference on Biofuels
Columbus, Ohio
August 28-29, 2006
Dennis Schuetzle and David Ganz
Renewable Energy Institute (REI) International
Sacramento, CA
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Asian Biomass Center (ABC)
National Science and Technology Development Agency &
Renewable Energy Institute International (REII)
Cooperative Renewable Energy and Fuels Program*
REI International
Asian Biomass Center
*Agreement Signed on March 31, 2006
(Thailand Science Park, Bangkok, Thailand)
2
Organized Workshop at which Sixty US and Thai Experts
Drafted 62 Policy and Technical Recommendations for Thailand
3
Planning Meeting for the Thailand Biomass
Fuels Project at the Royal Palace (June 1999)
4
The Renewable Biomass Fuel Program is Initiated with
Senior Thailand Government Officials including
The Prime Minister; Minister of Science, Technology and
Environment; and the U.S. Ambassador to Thailand (August 1999)
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The Bangkok BOI Fair (Feb. 2000) Pavilion
Three Million+ Visitors and Awarded “Best of Fair”
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Renewable Energy Institute (REI) International
 Established as an international, non-profit, technology neutral organization
with the mission to evaluate and further develop promising renewable
energy conversion systems with a high degree of impartiality. Promising
renewable energy/fuels technologies are evaluated with a philosophy that is
similar to that of the Underwriters Laboratory (UL).
 Supports research, development, demonstration and deployment (R3D)
programs on renewable energy and alternative fuels in collaboration with
government, industry, academia, institutes and non-government
organizations.
 REII’s World Headquarters is located in Sacramento. The Asian Biomass
Center (ABC) in Bangkok is REII’s primary collaborative partnership for
the Asia-Pacific region.
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REI International
Research, Development and Testing Center for
Renewable Energy Technologies (Sacramento, CA)
8
Future Renewable Energy Park Site – Visit and Ground-Breaking
by EPA Administrator Steven Johnson (February 9, 2006)
Left to Right: Tom Hibashi, Director, Roseville Electric; Frederick Tornatore, Vice
President, REI International; Steven Johnson, U.S. EPA Administrator; Wayne Nastri, U.S.
EPA Region 9 Administrator; Brian Jensen, CA Congressional District 4 Director; Dennis
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Schuetzle, President, REI International
Asian Biomass Center
Current Cooperative Renewable Energy and Fuels Programs
REII and the Asian Biomass Center
Program 1 - Evaluation of Jatropha Curcas as a Bio-fuel and Bio-energy
Resource
Program 2 - Economic, Energy and Environmental Life Cycle Study
(LCA) for the Conversion of Renewable Biomass and Natural Gas to
Energy and Fuels
Program 3 - Evaluation of Thermochemical Technologies for the
Conversion of Agricultural Waste to Energy and Alcohol Fuels
Program 4 - The Conversion of Rice Straw and Rice Hull Ash to
Commercial Products
Program 5 - Thailand/U.S. Rural Renewable Energy
Demonstration Project
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Some Drivers for Developing Renewable Energy/Fuel
Resources in Thailand
• The disposal of domestic, municipal and agricultural waste has become a
major problem. These waste streams contain large quantities of biomass.
• This biomass can provide an excellent renewable resource for energy and
fuels.
• The domestic production of renewable energy and renewable fuels from
waste biomass will significantly reduce Thailand’s need to import expensive
fossil energy resources.
• This renewable resource can provide new business opportunities and
enhance economic development, especially for rural and agricultural
communities
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Thailand’s Biomass Potential
Major agricultural residues in 2002/2003
Rice husk 5.5 M tons/yr
Power potential 560 MW
Bagasse 20 M tons/yr
Power potential 1400 MW
Rhizomes 1.6 M tons/yr
Power potential 110 MW
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Asian Biomass Center
Energy Potential of Plantation Biomass*
Country
Energy
potential of
plantation
biomass (PJ)
Projected Percentage of
energy
projected
consumption
energy
in 2010 (PJ) consumption
in 2010
Cost of
biomass
production
(US $/ton)
China
3150
52,740
6
13
India
4650
19,200
24
8
Thailand
1600
5,132
31
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*S.C. Bhattacharya, R. M. Shrestha, H.L. Pham, Asian Regional Research Program in Energy,
Environment and Climate (ARRPEEC)
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Asian Biomass Center
Program 1 - Evaluation of Jatropha Curcas as a
Bio-fuel and Bio-energy Resource
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Asian Biomass Center
Program 1 - Evaluation of Jatropha Curcas
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Program 3 - Evaluation of Technologies for the Conversion of
Agricultural Waste to Electricity and Alcohol Fuels
Candidate conversion technologies are evaluated using “5E” assessment
models. These models have been utilized during the past several years to
help assess the commercial viability of renewable energy and renewable
fuel technology options with respect to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Technology Evaluations (E1)
Energy Efficiency (E2)
Environmental Impact (E3)
Economic Viability (E4)
Socio-Political Effectiveness (E5)
These candidate conversion technologies have been divided into twelve
categories as follows:
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Categories of Biomass Conversion Technologies
Category
Conversion Technologies
Direct
Products
Secondary
Products
(Energy)
Secondary
Products
(Fuels)
I
Thermochemical
Pyrolysis/Steam Reforming
(no Oxygen)
Syngas
Electricity
& Heat
Alcohols,
Diesel,
Gasoline
II
Thermochemical Gasification
(no Oxygen)
Syngas
Electricity
& Heat
Alcohols,
Diesel,
Gasoline
III
Thermochemical Gasification
(with Oxygen)
Syngas
Electricity
& Heat
Alcohols,
Diesel,
Gasoline
IV
High Temperature (>3500oF)
Thermochemical Gasification
(with Oxygen)
Syngas
Electricity
& Heat
Alcohols,
Diesel,
Gasoline
V
Integrated Thermochemical
Gasification/Oxidation
Heat
Electricity
None
VI
Thermal Pyrolysis
(no Oxygen)
Unrefined
Fuels
None
Refined
Diesel 17
Categories of Biomass Conversion Technologies
Category
Conversion Technologies
Direct
Products
Secondary
Products
(Energy)
Secondary
Products
(Fuels)
VII
Thermochemical Oxidation
(combustion at/or near
Stochiometry (air/fuel = ~1.00)
Heat
Electricity
None
VIII
Bio-Refinery (acid
hydrolysis/fermentation)
Chemical
Feedstock’s
None
Ethanol
IX
Bio-Refinery (enzyme
hydrolysis/fermentation)
Chemical
Feedstock’s
None
Ethanol
X
Integrated Bio-Refinery (VIII
or IX) with generation of
electricity/heat from waste
Methane,
Hydrogen,
Ethanol
None
None
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Categories of Biomass Conversion Technologies
Category
Conversion Technologies
Direct
Products
Secondary
Products
(Energy)
Secondary
Products
(Fuels)
Ethanol,
Mixed
Alcohols,
Diesel
None
XI
Anaerobic Digestion
Methane
Electricity &
Heat
XII
Other Biological Processes
Methane,
Hydrogen,
Ethanol
None
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+75
1. TC Ethanol
+50
1. TC Electricity
▲
+25
8. Bio-Refinery Ethanol
▲
▲
0
▲
-50
-25
▲
▲
-75%
-50%
1. TC Diesel
5. IGC CHP
Combustion Electricity
-75
Profit (Loss) in $/Green Tons
A Comparison of the Return on Investment (ROI) and Profit
(Loss) for Different Conversion Processes and Products
Derived from Waste Biomass Feedstocks*
-25%
0
+25%
+50%
+75%
+100%
Return on Investment (ROI)
*500 ton/day biomass conversion plant with feedstock @ $25.00/ton (as delivered with 40%
water and 5,500 BTU/lb energy content).
[Source: REI International & TSS Consultants 2006 unpublished data]
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Thermochemical Pyrolysis/Steam Reforming (Category I)
Processes for the Production of Energy and Fuels
Biomass
Collection
Biomass
Transport
Biomass
Processing
Thermochemical
Conversion
Domestic
Municipal
Agriculture
Industrial
Truck
Train
Pipeline
Grinding
Mixing
Screening
Pyrolysis,
Heating,
Gasification,
Process
Steam
Steam &
Syngas
Reforming
Cooling
Heat
Production
Heating,
Process
Steam &
Cooling
Energy
Production
Heat
Syngas
Syngas
Electricity
Connect
To Grid
Syngas
Syngas
Clean-Up and
Conditioning
Heat
Production
Fuel
Production
Ethanol
Diesel,
Gasoline
Ethers
Hydrogen
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Program 3 - Evaluation of Technologies for the Conversion of
Agricultural Waste to Energy and Fuels
• The Integrated Gasification/Combustion (IGC) technology (Category V)
has a high potential as an economically viable technology for small,
community based biomass processing plants (40-200 tons/day
feedstock)($4.5-$20.0M) that produce electricity, heat and cooling.
• The Pyrolysis/Steam Reforming Thermochemical technology (Category
I) has a high potential as a future, economically viable technology for
medium sized biomass processing plants (150-500 tons/day
feedstock)($15.0-$50.0M) that produce electricity, heat, cooling and fuels.
•The Bio-Refinery (Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation) technology (Category
VIII) is only economically viable for large commercial scale plants (>1,000
tons/day) that require significant capital investment (>$150 M).
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Program 5. Thailand/U.S. Rural Renewable Energy Demonstration
Project - Production of Energy from Small Community-Based Systems
Recommended Technology
Integrated Gasification/Combustion (IGC)
Biomass Input (Agricultural Waste)
40 tons/day (40% water)
Energy Output (Combined Heat/Power)
Electricity: 1.0 Megawatt (7.90E+6 KWH)
Cooling and Heat: 1.5 Megawatt
Costs
Capital: $4.35 M
Operation and Maintenance: $0.45 M/yr
Amortized Costs ($0.67 M/yr)
Benefits
Electricity: 7.90E+6 KWH @ $0.085/KWH
Electricity with Cooling/Heat: $0.064/KWH
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What are the Major “Road-Blocks” to the Efficient and
Economical Conversion of Syngas to Alcohol Fuels?
 Approximately 650 patents have been issued internationally during the
past 40 years that describe various catalyst formulations and substrates for
the conversion of syngas to alcohols:
* Ethanol yield is dependent on the catalyst formulation,
temperature, pressure, H2/CO ratio and the presence
of other components
* Many of the catalysts are very sensitive to contaminants
in the syngas (e.g. particulates, HCl, H2S, NH3, HCN, tars
with S and N hetero groups, BTX, etc.)
* Methanol, Propanol, Butanol and higher MW alcohols are
formed
* Aliphatics, Aromatics and Oxygenated HC’s are formed
 No organization has successfully developed and validated a catalyst for
the efficient and economical conversion of syngas to alcohol fuels
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Technical and Business Solution
Develop and deploy next generation catalyst technologies for the efficient
and economical conversion of Syngas to alcohol fuels.
Utilize a technical and business approach similar to that used for the
development of economical, rare-earth oxide (REO) automotive catalysts
developed by Schuetzle, Hurley, Wu and Han at Ford from 1995-2002.
• REO catalysts were developed that reduced the need for the
precious metals (Platinum and Palladium) in automotive catalysts by
90%. This development is saving Ford $100 million/year and the
global automotive industry more than $1.0 billion/year. This new
catalyst was recognized at an award ceremony in Japan by the Pacific
Basin Economic Council as one of the two most important
developments in the Pacific Basin during 2002.
We are using a similar approach to the development and deployment of
next generation catalyst technologies for the efficient conversion of
renewable biomass to alcohol fuels.
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Catalyst Development and Testing Laboratory
REI International and CSU-Sacramento
Natural
Gas
Reformer
Octane
Reformer
Blended
Gases
Octane
Syngas
Production &
Conditioning
2-Stage
Catalytic
Reactor
Gasifier
Primary Products
Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Secondary Products
C4-C6 Alcohols
Aliphatic HC’s
Aromatic HC’s
Oxygenated HC’s 26
Catalyst Development and Testing Laboratory
REI International and CSU-Sacramento
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Conclusions
We envision that viable syngas to alcohol catalyst and process
technologies will be successfully developed, validated and commercially
deployed by early 2009.
The success of these efforts will be dependent upon collaboration between
REII, ABC and other relevant organizations.
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Conclusions
The Integrated Gasification/Combustion (IGC) technology has the
greatest potential as an economically viable process for small communitybased biomass conversion plants (40-200 tons/day feedstock).
We envision the Pyrolysis/Steam Reforming Thermochemical conversion
system serving cooperatives from several communities providing the
required feedstock (150-500 tons/day) for medium-sized communitybased biomass conversion plant.
Bio-Refinery (primarily based on the sugar platform) are too large to
serve as community-based systems and thus need to be large-scale,
industry-operated plants (>1,000 tons/day). There are significant
economic and logistics issues with the collection and transportation of
biomass to these large bio-refinery plants.
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