Transcript Types of Functional Groups Amines

Advanced Chemistry
Organic Chemistry:
Functional Groups
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons
Halides
Alcohols
Ethers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Esters
Carboxylic
Acids
 Amines
 Amides
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Functional Groups
Functional Groups (FG)
 Atom or group of atoms that can be a
substituent on a carbon chain
 These groups greatly modify the
behavior of the hydrocarbon
 There are many kinds of FG – most
contain different arrangements of oxygen
and nitrogen
Types of Functional Groups
Halides – hydrocarbons plus a halogen
 EX: 1-chlorobutane
C – C – C – C - Cl
 EX: 2,2-dibromopropane
Br
C–C–C
Br
Types of Functional Groups
Halides
 Number chain so halide has lowest
number
 If more than one halide use prefix
 di-, tri-, etc
 If more than one halide on same
carbon write the # twice in the name
 2,2-dibromopropane
Types of Functional Groups
Alcohols – hydrocarbons w/ an OH
group
 Number so OH group gets lowest
number possible
 General Formula: R – OH
 R represents the rest of the carbon chain
Types of Functional Groups
Alcohols
 Name of hydrocarbon changes by
adding the suffix to –ol.
Ethane

Ethanol
Types of Functional Groups
Alcohol
 If more than one OH group, then use
prefix indicating how many OH there
are
 Also indicate the location of the OH
groups using numbers
 EX: 1,1-propandiol
C – C – C – OH
OH
Types of Functional Groups
Ethers – organic compounds with an
“oxygen bridge.”
 General Formula: R – O – R
 EX:
Types of Functional Groups
Ethers
 The name of the ether includes the names
of the alkyl groups on each side of the
oxygen and then the word ether on the
end.
 Name alphabetically
 Symmetrical ethers get prefix
 EX: Methyl Propyl Ether
C–O–C–C–C
Types of Functional Groups
Aldehydes – organic compounds that
contain a double bonded oxygen at
the terminal carbon
 General Formula:
O
R–C–H
Types of Functional Groups
Aldehydes
 Name of hydrocarbon changes by
adding the suffix –al.
 EX:
Butane

Butanal
Types of Functional Groups
Ketone – a compound that has a
double bonded oxygen attached to a
carbon that is not at the end of the
carbon chain.
 General Formula:
O
R1 – C – R2
Types of Functional Groups
Ketones
 The name of the keytone is derived from the
name of the alkane, the –e ending is switched
to –one.
 For chains over four carbons, the location of the
double bonded oxygen is denoted by a numerical
prefix.
 EX:
Pentane

3-Pentanone
C
C
C
Types of Functional Groups
Carboxylic Acids – organic compounds
that have a carboxyl group (COOH) at
the end of the carbon chain.
 General Formula:
O
R–C–O–H
Types of Functional Groups
Carboxylic Acid
 The –e ending of the alkane is changed to –
oic, and the word acid is added.
 EX:
Butane

Butanoic Acid
 When numbering the carbon chain, the chain
starts at the end with the carboxyl group
Types of Functional Groups
Esters – organic compounds derived
from carboxylic acids
 An ester is a carboxylic acid that
replaces the –OH group with an –OR
group
 General Formula:
O
R–C–O–R
Types of Functional Groups
Esters
 Name the R part of the –OR group
first, followed by the name of the
acid, with the –ic ending changed to
ate.
 EX: ethanoic acid  methyl ethanoate
Types of Functional Groups
Amines – organic compounds that have
an amino group (NH2) attached
somewhere on the carbon chain.
 General Formula (variations on NH3)
R–N–H
R–N–R
R–N–R
H
Primary amine
H
Secondary amine
H
Tertiary amine
Types of Functional Groups
Amines
 The amine group is named as a
substituent on the carbon chain
 If more than one amino group a
prefix is used and a number denotes
position
 EX: propanamine (aminopropane or propyl amine)
Types of Functional Groups
Amines
 Name primary amines as
alkanamines
 (e.g. methanamine)
 There are several ways to name
amines (seen below)
Types of Functional Groups
Amines
 Name secondary amines by using
longest carbon chain for root name,
the other chain becomes the
substituent
 When the two alkyl groups are the same
it can also be named as a dialkyl
amine.
 EX: Diethyl amine
Types of Functional Groups
Amines
 Name tertiary amines similar to the
secondary amines, the longest chain
of carbons takes the root name and
the other chains become a
substituents located on the N
 When the three alkyl groups are the
same it can be named as a trialkyl
amine
 Ex: trimethyl amine
Types of Functional Groups
Amines
 In more complex molecules with multiple
substituents, or ones containing higher priority
functional groups, the amine is named as an
amino- substituent.
 It is located by numbering the
longest chain of carbons and
locating the NH2 group by this
numbering scheme
 EX: 3-amino-2,6-dimethyl-4-propyloctane
Types of Functional Groups
Amides - organic compounds derived
from carboxylic acids
 An amide is a carboxylic acid that
replaces the –OH group with an
amino group
 General Formula:
O
R – C – O – NH2
Types of Functional Groups
Amides
 When naming amides, replace the –ic
with amide.
 EX:
Ethanoic acid

Ethanaminde
Summary
 Definition of Functional Groups
 Types of Functional Groups