Transcript AP BIOLOGY - ReicheltScience.com

AP BIOLOGY
Chapter 4 Carbon
Chapter 5 Macromolecules
Organic Chemistry
 Compounds containing C
 C, H, N, O, (P, S)
 Miller and Urey
Carbon bond Formation
 CH4
 C 2H 6
 C 2H 4
Hydrocarbons
 Organic molecules consisting of C and H only
 Not prevalent in most living organisms, but most have
regions of C and H
 Examples: Fats
 C-H are nonpolar, (similar electronegativity's)
 Their rxs release lots of energy
Isomers
 Same numbers of atoms of same elements, different in
arrangement
 3 types
 Structural isomers
 Cis-trans isomers
 Enantiomers
Functional Groups
 Groups that are directly involved in chemical reactions
Functional
Group
Structure
Example
Hydroxyl
-OH
Alcohols
Carbonyl
>CO
Ketones
Aldehydes
Carboxyl
-COOH
Carboxylic acids
Amino
-NH2
Amines
Sulfhydryl
-SH
Thiols
Phosphate
-OPO32-
Organic
phosphates
Methyl
CH3
Methylated
compounds
Drawing
ATP
 Adenosine Triphosphate
Macromolecules Chapter 5
 All living things fall under 4 major classes
 Carbs
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids
3 of the four are HUGE on a molecular scale
(proteins, carbs, nucleic acids)
 Monomer- building blocks of polymers
 Polymer- long molecule consisting of many similar or
identical building blocks linked by chemical bonds
Synthesis and Breakdown
 Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up
reactions
1.
Dehydration rxns (called synthesis)
Dehydration removes
a water molecule,
forming a new bond.
Synthesis and Breakdown
2. Hydrolysis- to break using water
Hydrolysis adds
a water molecule,
breaking a bond.
Carbohydrates
 Include both sugars and polymers of sugar
 Monosaccharides (CH2O)
 Molecule has a carbonyl group, and hydroxyl groups
 Glucose, fructose, galactose
 Disaccharides (2 monosacch. Joined by glycosidic linkage)
 Glycosidic linkages are = to dehydration reaction
 Maltose, sucrose, lactose
Carbohydrates
 Polysaccharides
 Joined by glycosidic linkages
 2 major categories of polysaccharides
1.
Storage polysaccharides
 Starch- plants store as energy within plastids and cholorplasts
Others include: amylose (unbranched) amylopectin
 Glycogen- animals store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells
 Hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose

Carbohydrates
2. Structural polysaccharides
 Cellulose- major component of cell wall in plants
 Chitin- used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons
 Exoskeleton- hard case that surrounds the soft part of an animal
Proteins
 Important in almost everything organisms do
 Varied functions
 Catalysts- speed up rxns without being consumed in rxn
Proteins
 Polypeptides
 Monomer- amino acids (all polymers are constructed from
same set of 20 amino acids)
 Polypeptides- polymers of amino acids
 Protein- biologically functional molecule that consists of 1 or
more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific
structure
Proteins
 Amino acid Monomer
Protein Function
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Enzymatic-accelerate chemical rxns
Defensive- protection against disease
Storage
Transport- movement across cell membranes
Hormonal
Receptor- response of cells to chemical stimuli
Contractile/motor- movement
Structural- support
(see page 78 for more detail)
Proteins
 Amino acid polymers
 Monomers link together
via peptide bonds
Levels of Protein Structure
Primary
• Linked series of a.a. with a
unique sequence
1.
Levels of Protein Structure
2. Secondary
 Coiled or folded patterns
 Alpha helix- coil
 Beta-pleated sheetaccordion looking
Levels of Protein Structure
3. Tertiary
 Overall shape resulting
from interactions of side
chains
 Interactions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hydrophobic interaction
Disulfide bridges
Ionic bonds
H bonds
Levels of Protein Structure
4. Quaternary
 Overall structure that is
make up of polypeptide
subunits
Denaturation and Renaturation
 Denaturation- when proteins become destroyed, lose its
native shape due to changes in temp, pH, salinity, etc.
Lipids
 Large class of large biomolecules that does not include true
polymers
 All lipids share one important trait:
 They mix poorly, hydrophobic, hydrocarbons
Lipids include:
1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
4. Waxes and pigments
Lipids
Fats
1.
a.
b.
c.
Fat is constructed from two
kids of small molecules
(glycerol and fatty acids)
Fatty acid- has a long C
skeleton 16-18 with carboxyl
group
Hydrocarbons are reason why
lipids are hydrophobic
Lipids
 Saturated fatty acid
 Unsaturated fatty acid
 No double bonds exist
 Has 1 or > double bonds
 Animal fats- lard, butter
 Most are cis
(solid at room temp.)
 Plant and fish fat – oils,
olive oil (liquid at room
temp.)
Phospholipids
 Make up cell membranes
 Similar to fat but with 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol.
 When added with water they self assemble into a bilayer
Steroids
 Lipids characterized by C consisting to 4 fused rings.
 Cholesterol- within animal cell membranes also a precursor
for which all other cell membranes are synthesized
 Synthesized in the liver
 hormones
Nucleic Acids
 Genes- units of DNA
 Nucleic acids- polymers made of monomers called
nucleotides
Roles of Nucleic Acids1. DNA

2.
Genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents
RNA

Interacts with cell’s protein synthesizing machinery part of a protein
DNA
RNA
Protein
DNA vs RNA
DNA
RNA
 Double stranded
 Single stranded
 Deoxyribose sugar
 Ribose sugar
 Thymine
 Uracil
Nucleotides
 Structure:
2 families of Nitrogenous Bases
 Pyrimidines
 Purine
 Cytosine
 Adenine
 Uracil
 Guanine
 Thymine