Transcript lecture-4 - WordPress.com

Artifical Insemination-AI
Artificial breeding
Breeding : Mating and production of offspring
• Artificial breeding is also called as selective
breeding/artificial selection.
• Superovulation
• In vitro fertilization
• Artificial Insemination-AI
• Cloning
Semen from high pedigree bull is selected and
cows are inseminated
• Two type of semen 1. RT 2. DF
• Semen collected from bull kept frozen at
temperature at -196C
What is AI
• Introduction of semen into uterus/oviduct by
some means other than sexual intercourse
• The use of semen from genetically superior
male to inseminate female resulting in
genetically superior offspring.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cattle
Horses
Swine
Sheep
Goats
Dog
Turkey
Chicken
Rabbit
Fox
Humans
Where is AI used
Why use AI
• Depending upon needs and goal of individual
breeding program, AI offers economically
feasible means of increasing productivity over
wide range of traits.
Factors considering in male fertility
• Libido
• Scrotal circumference
• Semen evaluation
Semen Evaluation
• Yellowish semen
• Light cream coloured
Semen Evaluation
 A uniform solid and dense appearance
indicates high sperm concentration
• A sample which appear translucent contain
fewer sperm cells
• Semen with curd, flakes,clumps appearance
indicate inflammation
Semen evaluation for volume
• It vary with age of bull
• Young sire produce smaller volume which is
not negative factor, as long as concentration is
good
Motility
• Evaluation under microscope
• Most semen contain 70% motile cells
Concentration
• Determined by no. of sperms per ml
• This is most important indicator
Morphology
• The no. of abnormal sperm should not exceed
20%.
• Most male do produce abnormal sperm.
• The common causes for large number of
spermatozoa with detached heads in a semen
sample
• testicular hypoplasia,
• testicular degeneration,
• senescence of spermatozoa due to sexual
inactivity
• occasionally specific conditions, such as
decapitated sperm defect
Parameter
Normal Values
Ejaculate volume
5 ml (range 1-15 ml)
Sperm concentration
1200 million/ml (range 300-2500
million/ml)
Total sperm per ejaculate
Typically 4-5 billion
Progressive motility
Greater than 30%
Morphology
Greater than 70% norm
Proper fertility record for AI Female
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cow identity (name and no.)
Cow Dam and sire
Cow birth Date
Date last calving
No. of calving
Date expected to be on heat and actual heat Date
Date of insemination
Date of Pregnancy Diagnosis(P.D)
Date of Dry period
Expected calving Date
Actual Calving Date
Sex of Calf
Other records include health, production record
Average calving interval below 400 days
No. of insemination per conception blow than 1.5
Advantages
• Many females may be inseminated from semen
from 1 ejaculate
• Choice of using best possible proven sire of
proven quality
• Time of parturition can be synchronized in a
herd when forage and feed stuffs are more
available and weather is good for babies
• Limits the risk of female getting STD
• Limit the need to feed and house of male
• Synchronization using hormones enable the herd
of females to be artificially inseminated in 1 or 2
days
• Safety and flexibility
Allows for elimination of dangerous dairy bull
•
•
•
•
Conservation of endangered species
1 bull can breed 5,00000 cows in life time
After death semen can be used
Improved management-Record keeping
evaluation
• Livestock of good genetic stock high milk
producer, good meat producer, fast and
efficient growth, low disease potential that
otherwise could not breed due to behavioural,
anatomical and physiological factors
• No expensive handling, quarantine, and
shipping costs of live animals
• Allow for the practical use of gender selected
semen where high percentage of progeny (>
90%) born are either male or female.
• Reduces number of bulls needed for natural
service.
• Allows the producer not to use larger and
heavier bulls on smaller animals leads to
danger of injury to the females.
Disadvantages
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Oestrus detection must be good
Need facilities to perform AI Program
Need experience and training
Need to hire AI Technician
Materials and tools are costly
Technology to store cooled/frozen semen
Hormonal manipulation will cause adverse
side effects in breeding female and shorten
potential breeding life
• Drug cost for oestrus synchronization
• Use of poor male increase if not tested well.
• Labour intensive due to need for watching the
herd at least twice a daily for sign of oestrus
activity
• Risk of infection in vagina and uterus
• Conception rate of female are lowered if they
are handled roughly
Recto-vaginal approach
• Steps for AI
• Restrain the animal.
• Raise the tail with hand and gently massage
the rectum with lubricated glove on left hand.
• Gently wipe the vulva with paper towel to
remove excess manure and debris.
• Insert the gun at 30 upward angle to avoid the
entering in urethral opening and bladder
Vasectomy in bulls
Question
• Do Birds have oestrous cycle?
• Egg candler
Breeding bull sound examination BBSE
• Age 12 months
• Physical examination of bull-BCS Body condition
score
• Unsoundness in feet, legs, eyes
• Examining of penis, Testicles,scrotal
circumference
• Libido
• Examining the accessory sex glands by rectal
palpation
• Sample of semen collected for checking
morphology and motility
• Campylobacter fetus venerealis (using Clark's
medium) or Tritrichomonas foetus
• ultrasonography
Collection of semen
•
•
•
•
Recovery method
Massage method/digital manipulation
Electro- ejaculation
Artificial vagina-AV
Facilities needed for semen collection
• Facilities for safety collector
• Earthen floor/dry roughages to prevent
slipping
• Means to restrain the teasing animal
• Easy access for semen collection
• Bull handler
Recovery method
• Oldest method
• Bull is allowed to mount/jump on cow
• Semen is collected from vagina by spoon,
aspiration, or sponge
Draw backs
• Bacteria are mixed
• Vaginal fluid is mixed, mixing with urine
Introduce the vaginal bag
Massage method
• Gently inserted the lubricated hand and
forearm
• Massage of seminal vesicle with finger by
backward and downward stroke
• Assistant will collect the seminal fluid or
semen
• Massage of ampullae
• Precaution: carefully wash and rinse the
prepuce and prepuce hairs
• Inflammation of glands
Collection by electro-ejaculation
•
•
•
•
Apparatus
Electro ejaculator
Salt solution
Semen receptacle
Tranquilizer
Procedure
• Wild animals and bull
• It is used in those bull which can not mount
• Rectum of bull is flushed with normal salt
solution
• Ejaculation of semen is brought out by inserting
the probe/electrode in bull rectum by stimulating
the nerves of pelvic system
• By gradual increasing the voltage with rhythmic
fashion
• The nerves are stimulated by increasing the
voltage of 0-to 15 volts
Electo-ejaculator
Electo-ejaculator
• 2 volts increase after 5-10s and then returning
to zero.
• It will bring ejaculation
• We can give tranquilizer to bull to reduce
strain
• It is used in those which can not mount
Sexual stimulation in bull
• Why there is need of sexual stimulation?
• Bull will mount
• To ejaculate more, get maximum number of
sperms
Method for sexual stimulation
• Exposing the bull to teaser animal for 2-3mint
• False mount
Increasing sex drive could be reduced
•
•
•
•
Introducing a new teaser animal
Moving teaser animal to different area
Presenting 2 teasers
Allowing teaser/ another bull to mount the
bull to be collected
• Bringing new bull into the collection area
• Collecting semen from new bull
Collection by AV
• AV components
• A heavy hard outer cylinder open at both ends
with a nozzle for air and water in and outlet.
• Inner sleeve of rubber or rubber liner.
• The semen receiving cone or rubber cone.
• Semen collection tube
AV
• Before using for semen collection all the parts
are washed thoroughly and sterilized properly,
and assembled as artificial vagina.
Requirements of AV
• Pressure: Now the space between the hard
rubber hose and inner rubber liner is filled
with hot water to provide. Air is blown
through the nozzle into the water jacket, to
create pressure.
• Temperature: By warm water of 42-45C at
collection
• The temperature of the artificial vagina is
more important and should always be checked
before making the collection.
• Too high temperature may cause injury to the
penis and the bull may refuse to serve in
future, whereas at lower temperature, there
may not be complete ejaculation.
• Lubrication: The inner side of the rubber liner
on the anterior side of the artificial vagina is
lubricated with sterile K-Y jelly
• During collection, the artificial vagina is held
at an angle of 45o with the horizontal plane of
the cow/steer or dummy.
• It is so because the penis of the bull enters
the vagina of the cow at that angle.
• When the bull mounts the penis is quickly
guided into the artificial vagina with the
operator’s hand.
• Care is taken not to touch the exposed part of
the penis, as this stimulates the bull to
ejaculate.
• After the bull dismounts, the artificial vagina is
taken off the penis and is kept in an upright
condition after releasing the pressure by
draining water and air out of it.
• This allows the ejaculate to flow from the
cone to the vial, which is then detached from
the cone and taken to the laboratory for
examination
Precautions
•
•
•
•
Prevent cold shock
Protect collection tube from sunlight
Avoid contamination of semen by urine
Use a different sterile AV for each ejaculation