Transcript Training slides_Wind_and_Microhydropower_John

Sustainable Energy Technologies
Presented
by
John Masai Kapolon
Energy Specialist and Head of Energy Access
Programme, Practical Action Eastern Africa
[email protected]
+254 721 350 905
Contents of the Presentation
1. Overview of
 Sources of energy in Kenya
 Distribution of Energy Generating Plants in Kenya
2. Micro Hydropower Technology
 What is a micro hydropower system
 Classification of micro hydropower systems
 Power generation, application and future potential of
MHP in Kenya
3. Wind Energy Technology
 What is Wind energy
 Component of a wind energy system
 Application and future potential of wind systems
application
Energy Sources
High prices of Kerosene used mainly
for cooking and lighting. For rural
households
•
Electricity
•
23% of total population are
accessible to electricity and of
Petroleum
this only 5% of the population
are in rural areas.
Wood Fuel
• Dependence on one
main source of
Less than 25% of
electricity.
the Kenyan
• Inadequate supply
population are
Energy
• Weak transmission
accessible to
Sources
and distribution
Modern energy
network - high power
services.
losses
Use of inferior
• It is expensive to pay
fuels such as
for electricity bills
plastic waste
• High cost of rural
electrification e.g.
Solar and wind Energy
Kenya Ksh35,000 is
required for
Research and exploitation needed harness
connection to the
existing renewable energy resources
main grid
Distribution of Energy Generating Plants in Kenya
Generating Stations in Kenya KenGen
Source: KenGen
Wind Energy Technology
What is wind energy
Wind energy is the energy
produced from the motion
of the wind (kinetic
energy) and the blades of
the
wind
turbines
transform
the
kinetic
energy into electricity
Examples of Best Practices on Wind Energy
• The grid connected Ngong Power Station wind farm is
located on Ngong hills in Nairobi and began with two wind
turbines commissioned in 1993 as a donation from the
Belgian Government.
• The two turbines were retired and a second phase was
commissioned in August 2009 and has 6 turbines with a
capacity of 5.1 MW of power and annual generation of
12GWh.
• The other partner is Kenya Electricity Generating Company
(KenGen) who plan to expand to 25.5 MW (Institute of
Economic Affairs, 2013)
Ngong wind Farm, Ngong Hills
Challenges with wind Energy
• Wind energy mostly has been carried out by private
companies as it requires wind measurements before
starting of the project, high initial capital and technical
maintenance.
• Although wind energy is renewable, is compatible with
crop farming and livestock production, and produce no
emissions.
• Wind Energy has also some negative environmental
effects. For example the turbines kill birds which fly
into them, degrades wildlife habitat, affect
temperatures within the vicinity due to turbulence
created by turbines and may cause noise during their
operations.
Uses of Wind Energy
• Wind energy can be harnessed and utilized for water
pumping and electricity production.
• Wind energy is available free of charge just like solar and
can be an alternative source of energy for remote areas
away from the grid.
Uses of Wind Energy
Uses of Wind Energy
Small-scale Hydro Power
Production and Use
What is hydro power?
• Hydro power is electricity generated from the energy of
falling or running water. In Kenya this accounts to about
50% of electricity.
Small hydropower (SHP) schemes
• Pico, micro and mini, hydro power plants are smallscale electricity production plants. In most cases, no
dam or reservoir storage is involved in these schemes
and mainly use running of rivers.
• Type of small hydro power
Canal Based System
Dam Based System
Classification of Hydropower




Type 1
Pico-hydro and produce electricity
below 5kW and micro-hydro below
100kW.
Are used in developing countries
and provide electricity to
communities where grid connection
is missing.
Electricity is supplied directly to
households and a local load
(frequency and voltage) controller is
necessary.
Are designed on a household basis
or at village level often involving
local materials and labour




Type 2
Mini-hydro
and
produce
electricity below 100-1000kW.
Are grid connected for control
of frequency and voltage.
They
require
traditional
engineering approaches.
Need access road for delivery
of construction materials and
heavy
electro-mechanical
equipment
Small hydro power plants upper limit is 10,000kW and for large countries such as
India and China this rises to 25000kW and 50,000kW respectively. Policies support
SHP and in Kenya for instance a project producing less than 100 KW does not
require permit. There is need to check with environmental government bodies on
requirements for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
Challenges of Small Scale Hydro Electricity
• High installation cost and average of US$3000
• Require technical expertise mostly from
outside the local community
• local
capacity
to
manufacture
small
hydropower components like turbines and
electronic load controllers
• Inadequate hydrological data
Case Study: The Tungu-Kabiri Community
Hydro Project, around Mt. Kenya
Case study: Tungu Kabiri, Chuka
• About 200 members of the community formed a micro hydropower plant
commercial enterprise and each individual bought a share in the
company, with a maximum share value of about US$50.
• The members also contributed labour, dedicating every Tuesday for
over a year to the construction work, which was overseen by the MoE
and ITDG (Now Practical Action)
• The micro hydropower plant is owned and managed by the community
and day-to-day operations are managed by a 10-member community
power committee, and this committee also conducts consultations with
the wider community about how the power generated from the system
should be used.
• The electricity is currently used mainly for household supply and microenterprises, such as a welding unit, a battery-charging station, mobile
charging and a beauty salon.
Head race Construction
Head Race Construction
Intake Structures
Intake Structure
Thank you for your attention
John Masai Kapolon
Practical Action, Eastern Africa
P. O. Box 39493-00623 Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 (20) 2713540/2713540/2715293/2719313
Fax: +254 (20) 2710083
Cell Phone:0721350905
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.Practicalaction.org