Transcript No Slide Title - Calvin College

Power Electronics Conditioners:
Configuration Performance Power Quality Cost Issues
Introductory Considerations
Paulo F. Ribeiro, BSEE, MBA, PHD, PE
CALVIN COLLEGE
Engineering Department
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
http://engr.calvin.edu/PRibeiro_WEBPAGE/
[email protected]
P. Ribeiro
October, 2002
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• Power Quality issues are becoming more complex and
requiring additional considerations as more advanced
generation and load-controlled techniques and power
electronics conditioners are utilized.
• This paper makes some initial considerations regarding
power electronics conditioners configurations, performance,
power quality, and cost issues. The paper reviews the possible
configurations and discusses a number of technical issues and
trade-offs resulting design optimization process for different
applications.
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October, 2002
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Power Electronics Conditioners – Configurations
Interface Configurations
Shunt
Series
Shunt - Series
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October, 2002
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Power Electronics Conditioners – Configurations
Converter Topologies
Idc
AC Power
DC Power
Vdc
Voltage Source Converter
Idc
AC Power
DC Power
Vdc
Current Source Converter
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October, 2002
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Power Electronics Conditioners – Configurations
Preferred Topology
S hun tC om p en sa to
in
S e r ies C om p en sa to
in
V
S ys e
tm bu s
V
S ys e
tm bu s
V
C oup lni g
T ran s o
fm
r er
C oup lni g
T ran s o
fm
r er
I
X
I
T ran s o
fm
r e r el a kage
ni du c a
t n ce
X
Vo
T ran s o
fm
r e r el a kage
ni du c a
t n ce
Vo
DC A
-C
Sw itch n
ig
C on ve r te r
DC A
-C
Sw itch n
ig
C on ve r te r
Cs
Cs
+
+
V dc
V dc
Voltage Source Converter
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October, 2002
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Power Electronics Conditioners – Design Decision Tree
System
VSI
CSI
Commutation
Approach
Natural
Forced
Switching
Technology
Synchronous
PWM
Transition
Approach
Hard
Soft
Circuit
Topology
Two-Level
Multi-Level
Device
Type
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SCR
GTO
October, 2002
IGBT
IGCT
????
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Power Electronics Conditioners
Performance Considerations
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Power Electronics Conditioners
Power Quality Considerations
Electronic Loads Sensitivity
Reliability
FACTS as a Power Quality Controller
FACTS as a Power Quality Value Added Benefit
Advanced FACTS Devices Can Further Improve PQ Control
Power Quality Compatibility Issues
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Power Electronics Conditioners
Power Quality Considerations
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Power Electronics Conditioners
Cost Considerations
In order to establish a realistic cost estimate for a power electronics
conditioner system, the following steps are suggested:
• identify the system issue(s) to be addressed;
• select preliminary conditioner characteristics (power, voltage and
current requirements;
• model s/ study performance in response to system demands to
establish effectiveness of the device;
• optimize system specification and determine system cost;
• determine utility financial benefits from conditioner;
• compare conditioner’s cost and utility financial benefits to determine
adequacy of utility’s return on investment.
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October, 2002
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Power Electronics Conditioners
Cost Considerations
While each system shall be tailored to individual utility needs and
applications the target should be to minimize the costs on a per
kilowatt basis of the lowest cost generation units.
On a per unit active or reactive power basis, the new class of devices
will cost more than the costs for traditional devices, but will provide a
much higher performance which needs to be thoroughly evaluated.
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Power Electronics Conditioners
Cost Considerations
Technology
Reconductor lines
Fixed or Switched Shunt
Reactors
Fixed or Switched Shunt
Capacitors
Fixed or Switched Series
Capacitors
Static VAR Compensators
Thyristor Controlled Series
Compensation (TCSC)
STATCOM
STATCOM w/SMES
Transmission Line
Transfer Enhancement
Increase thermal capacity
Voltage reduction – Light
Load Management
Voltage support and
stability
Power flow control,
Voltage support and
Stability
Voltage support and
stability
Power flow control,
Voltage support and
stability
Voltage support and
stability
Voltage support and
stability
Cost Range
$50K to $200K per
mile
$8-$12 kVAR
$8-$10 kVAR
$12-$16 kVAR
$20-$45 kVAR
$25-$50 kVAR
$80-$100 kVAR
$150-$300 kW
Unified Power Flow
Controller (UPFC)
Operating principle
Increases thermal limit for line
Procurement
Availability
Competitive
Compensates for capacitive varload
Compensates for inductive varload
Reduces inductive line
impedance
Competitive
Compensates for inductive
and/or capacitive var-load
Reduces or increases inductive
line impedance
Competitive
Compensates for inductive and
capacitive var-load
Compensates for inductive
and/or capacitive var-load plus
energy storage for active power
SVC and TCSC functions plus
phase angle control
Limited
competition
Limited
Competitive
Competitive
Limited
competition
Power flow control,
$150-$200 kW
Sole source
Voltage support, and
Stability
Unified Power Flow
Power flow control
$250-$350 kW
SVC and TCSC functions plus
Sole source
Controller (UPFC) w/SMES Voltage support and
voltage regulator, phase angle
Stability,
controller and energy storage
Shaded area indicates technologies that are either permanently connected or switched on or off with mechanical switches. (i.e. these are
not continuously controllable)
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Conclusions
• In the design optimization process for specifying power
conditioners several technical and cost issues need to be
considered. The designer has overcome several technical
challenges that will bring about adequate performance at a cost
competitive with other technologies.
• It should be noted that the performance of power conditioners
can improved by the utilization of new topologies and
technologies and the use of energy storage to its capabilities.
• The the overall system dynamic performance improvement is
very dependent on the location where a compensator is
connected.
• The next presentations will go into the details of some of the
generic observations made here.
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October, 2002
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Session 16 – Power Electronics Conditioners:
Configuration Performance Power Quality Cost Issues
8:20 am - P1 - Introductory Considerations. P.F. Ribeiro, USA
8:45 am - P2 - Modeling Considerations of FACTS Devices. L. A.
S. Pilotto, Brazil
9:10 am - P3 - Power Quality Considerations on Shunt/Series
Current and Voltage Conditioners - E. H. Watanabe, M. Aredes,
Brazil
9:35 am - P4 - Voltage Control Performance Enhancement by
Adding Energy Storage to Shunt Connected Voltage Source
Converters. M. Steurer, S. Eckroad, USA
P. Ribeiro
October, 2002
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Session 17 – FACTS, Power Compensation and Equipments
10:30 am - An Overview of Static VAR Compensators Technology
Evolution on a Brazilian Generation and Transmission Utility.
M. C. Lima, H. Tyll, C. S. Araújo, Brazil
10:55 am - A New Technique to Control Reactive Power
Oscillations Using STATCOM,
T. M.
L. de Assis, E. H. Watanabe, L. Alberto S. Pilotto, R. B. Sollero,
Brazil
11:20 am - Lecture 3 – Advanced FACTS Devices and
Applications: Performance, Power Quality and Cost
Considerations, P. Ribeiro, USA
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October, 2002
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