Transcript Science Review 4.1

Science Review
4.1
S. Hall
2011-2012
Observations, Inferences,
Conclusions, Predictions,
and Hypotheses
What is an observation?
Yes, and observation is
something you can see,
hear, taste, touch, or smell.
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Which would be an
observation about this
animal?
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A.
B.
C.
D.
It swims in the ocean.
It has spots.
It is long, so it is a fast swimmer.
It is a shark.
Quantitative and
Qualitative Observations
• Quantitative-deals with numbers,
quantities or how much, or how many
Examples: It had 40 spots. It is 10 feet long.
• Qualitative- deals with how it looks, tastes,
feels, sounds, smells--without numbers
Examples: It has gray spots. It feels rough.
What is an inference?
Yes, an inference is
something you figure, using
your observations plus
what’s in your head
already.
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Which would be an
inference about this
animal?
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A.
B.
C.
D.
It swims in the ocean.
It has spots.
It is long, so it is a fast swimmer.
It is a shark.
What is a conclusion?
Yes, a conclusion is an
inference which
summarizes what your final
point is about the object.
For example:
It s a penny.
Evaporation occurs faster in hot, direct light.
Which would be a
conclusion about this
animal?
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A.
B.
C.
D.
It swims in the ocean.
It has spots.
It is long, so it is a fast swimmer.
It is a shark.
What is a prediction?
Yes, a prediction is an
inference you make about
the future or what you
expect.
Examples:
The book will probably be fiction.
The plant will likely grow towards the sunlight.
What is a hypothesis?
Yes, a hypothesis is
prediction with a reason.
For example:
The second plant will grow faster because it will get more
sunlight .
If a sponge is placed under an artificial bulb, it will dry
faster because the light is hotter.
It is hypothesized that the birds will eat more red seeds
because the color is brighter.
Which would be a
hypothesis about this
animal?
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A.
B.
C.
D.
It swims in the ocean.
It has spots.
It is long, so it is a fast swimmer.
It is a shark.
The Scientific Method
• Scientists first observe the world around them.
• They are curious, so they have a question.
• They may then observe some more or research what other
scientists have said.
• Next, they hypothesize an answer to the question.
• Next, they design an experiment or test to see if they are right
(confirm hypothesis). They may use the four question strategy
to plan their experiment or test. 4 Question Strategy
• Next, you design your experiment. You select your
independent variable and levels of the independent, your
dependent variable, your constants, and your control.
• You set up a table to collect your data in.
• Then you conduct(do) the experiment at least 3 times
(repeated trials).
• Next, you graph your data, and draw some final conclusions.
• Then you communicate your results to the world.
• You may also apply what you learned to other situations or
develop technologies based on what you learned.
The Scientific Method
Vocabulary
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Research-look up information
Experiment-test
Variables things that change
Independent variable -what you change in the experiment, the IChange-It variable, the cause (type of light)
Levels of the independent variable-what different types you change
(direct light, shade, no light)
Dependent variable -what changes as a result of the changes you
made, the effect, can be measured quantitatively (numbers)
Constants- what you keep the same in order for the experiment to be
fair (same kind and size of sponges, same amount of water)
Control- the level of the independent variable that you compare the
others to (no light)
Conduct-do
Data-information
Communicate-tell
Repeated Trials- do the experiment over to make up for errors that
produce unusual data
Tables
cause
IV/MV
type of light
X
no light (under the cabinet)
shade (under the table)
full sun (in the window)
artificial light (under the lamp)
effect
DV/RV
time to dry (minutes)
Y
360
225
130
65
The independent variable is always on the left and the
dependent is always on the right.
Yes, you can tell what the
independent and
dependent variables are
by looking at tables.
You can also tell by looking
at graphs.
Y axis
Dependent
Variable
Effect
Y
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X
The independent variable is the amount of table
salt added. The dependent variable is the boiling
temperature.
X axis
Independent Variable
Cause
IV/DV
Energizer Brand AA Batteries
Battery Use
#3
#4
#20
Time (hour)
Voltage
Voltage
Voltage
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
1.605
1.610
1.356
1.363
1.295
1.273
1.260
1.249
1.295
1.280
1.265
1.256
1.221
1.226
1.160
1.186
1.108
0.630
1.135
1.120
Write the independent variable?
Write the dependent variable?
1.609
1.402
1.351
1.314
1.288
1.284
1.262
1.247
1.232
1.216
1.204
1.178
1.150
1.117
1.063
0.586
Yes,…
What is the independent variable? Volts (in amps)
What is the dependent variable? hours of battery use
IV/DV
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Write the independent variable?
Write the dependent variable?
Yes,…
What is the independent variable? size of the jar in liters
What is the dependent variable? Number of minutes the
candle burned
Mr. Krabbs wants to make Bikini Botto ms a nicer place to live. He has created a new sauce that
he thinks will reduce the production of body gas associated with eating crabby patties from the
Krusty Krab. He recruits 100 customers with a history of gas problems. He has 50 of them
(Group A) eat crabby patties with the new sauce. The other 50 (Group B) eat crabby patties with
sauce that looks just like new sauce but is really just mixture of mayonnaise and food coloring.
Both groups were told that they were getting t he sauce that would reduce gas production. Two
hours after eating t he crabby patties, 30 customers in group A reported having fewer gas
problems and 8 customers in group B reported passing gas less.
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
What did Mr. Krabb probably hold constant in the experiment?
Which people are in the control group?
What should Mr. KrabbsΥconclusion be?
http://sc iencespot.net/Media/scimethodconvar.pdf
Title
Labels
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Labels
Labels
Labels
Graphs should have titles. And labels. On a bar graph, the bars
Should not go to the top, nor should the bars touch the Y axis.
Graph B
Graph A
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Missing
labels
Bar goes to the top
Both are bad.
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