Transcript CERTS Overview of Research - Power Systems Engineering

Microgrids and the Macrogrid
Presentation to the
California Public Utilities Commission
20 February 2001
by
Abbas Akhil, Chris Marnay, & Bob Lasseter
Sandia National Laboratory, Berkeley Lab, and University of Wisconsin, Madison
Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions
Other Members of CERTS Distributed Energy Resources Group:
Bob Yinger - SCE, Jeff Dagle - PNNL, John Kueck - ORNL
Outline
 INTRODUCTION TO CERTS - Abbas
 THE EMERGING MICROGRID PARADIGM - Chris
 DER TECHNOLOGY AND THE MICROGRID - Bob
 CONCLUSION - Bob
 QUESTIONS - all
CERTS Formation
Formed in 1998 as an Industry, DOE Labs and
Universities consortium
CERTS Mission Statement
“To research, develop, and disseminate new methods,
tools, and technologies to protect and enhance the
reliability of the U.S. electric power system under the
emerging competitive electricity market structure”
Research Performers
Core Research Areas
Reliability Technology
Issues and Needs
Assessment
Distributed
Energy
Resources
Integration
Real-Time
Grid Reliability
Management
Reliability
and
Markets
Addresses recommendations made by Secretary of
Energy Advisory Board (SEAB) Task Force on
Electric System Reliability
CERTS Road Map
Reliability Technology Issues and Needs
Assessment
Real-Time Grid Reliability Management
Distributed Energy Resources Integration
Reliability and Markets

Reliability monitoring and issues

Research road mapping

Technology tracking

Policy issues and research planning

Real-time controls and visualization
technologies for VAR management, ancillary
services, ACE, load forecasting

Reliability performance measures, tracking
and monitoring

Microgrids

DER integration

Customer reliability and power quality

Assess market design and reliability
performance

Price transparency and load participation for
reliability management
CERTS Industry Advisory Board
•
VIKRAM S. BUDHRAJA - Chair
•
Executive Vice President
United Nations Foundation
President
Electric Power Group
•
MICHEHL R. GENT
•
President
North American Electric Reliability Council
•
Executive Vice President
Dynegy
•
•
DALE T. BRADSHAW
Senior Mgr., Power Delivery Technology
Tennessee Valley Authority
BRUCE A. RENZ
former VP Energy Delivery Support
American Electric Power
Chair, AEIC Electric Reliability Committee
EPRI Research Advisory Council
PAUL BARBER
Sr. Vice President, Transmission & Engrg.
Citizens Power
PHILLIP G. HARRIS
President and CEO
PJM Interconnection, L.L.C.
•
RICK A. BOWEN
TERRY M. WINTER
Chief Executive Officer
California Independent System Operator
•
CHARLES B. CURTIS
•
JOHN D. WILEY
Provost & Vice Chancellor, Academic
University of Wisconsin
Funding
DOE CERTS Relationship
Office of Power
Technologies
Distributed Energy
Resources
Transmission Reliability
Program
CERTS
Sponsorship/Funding
Other Programs
The DOE DER Program Goals
 Near Term (Year 2005):

Develop the “next generation” distributed energy
technologies and address institutional/regulatory barriers
 Mid Term (Year 2010):

Reduce the costs and emissions and increase efficiency
and reliability of distributed technologies to achieve 20% of
new capacity additions
 Long Term (Year 2020):

Make the nation’s electric system the cleanest, most
efficient, reliable and affordable in the world by maximizing
the use of distributed energy resources
Program Differences
 DOE DER Program sets national policy, goals



Technology improvements: Advanced microturbines, gas-fired engines
Strong emphasis on combined heat and power
Focus on reducing institutional and regulatory barriers
 CERTS DER activity focuses on DG systems issues


Examines DG from transmission reliability perspective
Effects of large penetration of DG into the grid:
 Control, protection, role in the grid and competitive market
Framing the Issues
 DOE DER Program goal:



20% of new generation capacity additions through
distributed generation by year 2010
26.5 GW of DG
If “small” DG ( <100 kW) captures 25% of the 26.5 GW
goal, then -
100,000 small DG sources could populate
the grid…
Meeting Future Electricity Demand
 according to the Annual Energy Outlook 2001

to 2020 U.S. electricity demand:

will grow at only 1.8%/a (GDP at 3.0)

but with retirements, that’s almost 400 GW new capacity

that’s 92% natural gas fired, tripling NG use for power
 roughly equivalent to 1000 new generating stations plus
associated transmission and distribution
(an investment of ~ $400 billion)
 NG prices increase at only 2%/a real
 electricity prices fall at 0.5%/a real
 share of electricity passing through high voltage grid unchanged
Limits of Current Power System
 other restrictions on power system expansion

siting, environmental, right-of-way, etc.
 efficiency limits (carbon, CHP/cogeneration, & losses)
 centralized power system planning
 heterogeneous power quality requirements

extreme customer requirements

high cost of reliability?
 volatile bulk power markets
 economic drive to operate power system closer to limits
 can the traditional power system deliver digital power?
Customer Driven Development
 apply emerging technologies to self generate
 meet heterogeneous customer requirements locally

control reliability and quality close to end-use

optimize meshed grid reliability for bulk transactions
 operate connected or disconnected to the grid
 make decisions about power system expansion & operation
 group sources and loads
 optimize over compatible electrical and heat requirements
 power system of relatively weakly interconnected microgrids?
A microgrid is ...
designed, built, and controlled by “customers”
based on internal requirements subject to the
technical, economic, and regulatory opportunities
and constraints faced.
a cluster of small (e.g. < 500 kW) sources, storage
systems, and loads which presents itself to the grid
as a legitimate entity, i.e. as a good citizen
interconnected with the familiar wider power
system, or macrogrid, but can island from it
Customer DER Adoption
 goal is to anticipate the microgrid technical problems that
must be solved
 forecast the attractive technologies and configurations
 customer decision is akin to utility planning
 local constraints on development critical - GIS
 microgrids unlikely to disconnect entirely
 DER adoption can/will be shaped by tariff policy
DER Adoption by a Typical Office Building
600
Diesel
MT
SOFCo1
400
SOFCo2
kW
300
200
100
10 ate
Tu
rn
50 key
Tu
rn
ke
S
y
ta
nb
Fr y C
.
ee
S
al
es
tR
In
N
at
G
G
Lo
w
hN
at
f
rif
H
ig
Ta
at
e
Fr
X
R
N
0
P
on-site installed capacity
500
economic environment scenarios
Key DG Technology
Substation DG
“Appliance like” DG
1-10 MW: 2.2 kV & up
~ 100 kW: 120 - 480 V
 Combustion Turbines
 Reciprocating
Engines
 Fuel Cells
 Microturbine
 Photovoltaic
 Hybrids
 Automotive Fuel Cell
Generation Efficiencies
1 MW
70%
60%
With
CHP
50%
40%
CHP
CCTG
Fuel Cell
Micro
Turbine
30%
20%
10kW
Hybrid
Fuel cell
100kW
GasTurbine
Reciprocating
Engines
1 MW
Old
steam
10MW
100MW
1000MW
Reciprocating Gen Sets
 Diesel gen sets generally will be your best choice
when:
•
Low installed cost ($/kW)..
•
Gas fuel is unavailable or expensive.
 Gas gen sets generally will be your best choice when:
•
Air emissions regulations are a concern.
•
A reliable gas supply is available and affordable.
Caterpillar’s Gen Sets
In the last 60 days, Caterpillar installed
200MW of rental power throughout the
West Coast U.S.
During 2000, they sold nearly 20
gigawatts --
Hybrid Fuel Cells/Microturbine
 Commercial Scale Plan
 Demonstration
 DOE
 Technology Program
 250kW
 1.3MW
 2.5MW
 Electricity Efficient ( >70%)
The New Paradigm
 Distributed generation. Small-scale power
systems, installed on multiple commercial and
industrial customers' sites, can function as a
"virtual power plant" under utility control.
 Utilities can dispatch these distributed systems
to enhance local grid stability, meet peak
demands, capitalize on favorable market
prices, and more.
Application of Distributed Generation: New Paradigm
GENERATOR TYPE
KEY ISSUES
Combustion Turbines
 Fuel Cells
 Ratings: > 1MW
 Utility Voltages: 2.2 - 66 kV
 Reciprocating Engines
 Hybrids
 Dispatchable:
 Can Participate in Markets
Key DG Technology
Substation DG
“Appliance like” DG
1-10 MW: 2.2 kV & up
~ 100 kW: 120 - 480 V
 Combustion Turbines
 Reciprocating
Engines
 Fuel Cells
 Microturbine
 Photovoltaic
 Hybrids
 Automotive Fuel Cell
30-75 kW Micro turbine
 Installed at $700/kW
(target is $350/kW)
 Efficiency 30%
 Air foil bearings
 Operation speed 60,000100,000 RPMs
Microturbine Basics
Hot Air
Recuperator
Turbine
Generator
Air
Compressor
3 Phase ~ 480V AC
200kW Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
The power plant in
Santa Clara is rated
at 1.8 MW AC net
It contains more
than 4,000 cells
$2000-3000/kW
Fuel Cell System
CO2
On Site Generation
lb/kWh
NOx
CO2
 Microturbine
.00115
1.188
 C Turbine
.00124
1.145
 PEM Fuel Cells
.000015
0.95
 Hybrid FC/MT
~.0005
~0.5
 Roof top PV
.00
.00
 DualFuel Engine
.010
1.20
“Air Pollution Emission Impacts Associated with Economic Market Potential of DG in California, June 2000
Key Factors Impacting Application of Small Distributed Generation
GENERATOR TYPE
KEY ISSUES
(appliance like)





Microturbine
Automotive Fuel Cell
Photovoltaic
Uses Power Electronics
Ratings: small ~ 100kW
Customer Voltages: 120 - 480 V
Dispatchable: Very Complex
Difficult to Participate in
Markets due to small size
 Connection Cost: High
Achieving the 100,000 units
Rethink the paradigm:

System approach to DER

Enable small-size DER to be a citizen of the grid

Promote multiple unit installations

Enable appliance type plug-and-play functionality

Enable market participation
MicroGrid Paradigm
MicroGrid concept assumes a cluster of loads,
micro-sources and storage operating as a single
system to:

Presented to the grid as a single controllable unit
(impacts system reliability; fits new paradigm)

Meets customers needs (such as local reliability
or power quality)
MicroGrid Paradigm
13.8 kV
5
8
M8
 Dispatchable load
Utility
 Responds to real-time
pricing
 Simple protection
 Local voltage control
Customer
 UPS functions
 Local redundancy
 Digital power
M5
 Loss reduction
 Use of waste heat
Loads, microsources & storage
Islanded Factory: Micro Grid
13.8 kV
480V
480V
22
Non-critical Loads
8
16
11
Critical Loads
Frequency Droop
w
P16
P22 P11
P8
wo
w1
w min
P
Island Operation
Transfer to Island
Conclusion: 100,000 units
Key: The MicroGrid (An aggregation of microsources, loads and storage)

Presents itself as a single operating entity to the grid
Customer centered; Key “value added” point
Can participate in markets (load management)

Recognizes combined heat and power applications

No centralized fast control

Visualizes an appliance model: “Plug & Play” model

