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Pokhara University
Nepal Engineering College
Centre for the Post Graduate Studies
ECM 521 :
Professional Ethics and Liability in Construction
3. Professionalism and Code of Ethics:
Introduction to Professionalism
Characteristics of Profession
Factors Affecting Moral of a Profession
Code of Ethics of Engineering Societies
Introduction to Professionalism
Profession
•
•
•
•
Carpenter working in a Furniture shop
Section Officer in a ministry
An Engineer Working in a highway project
A Doctor working in a private clinic
• A paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged
training and a formal qualification
• According to the Directive on Recognition of Professional
Qualifications (2005/36/EC)• “those practised on the basis of relevant professional
qualifications in a personal, responsible and professionally
independent capacity by those providing intellectual and
conceptual services in the interest of the client and the
public”.
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Profession
• A profession is something a little more than a job, it is a
career for someone that wants to be part of society, who
becomes competent in their chosen sector through
training; maintains their skills through continuing
professional development (CPD); and commits to
behaving ethically, to protect the interests of the public.
• We all rely on professionals at many points of our lives –
from dentists to teachers, from pension managers to
careers advisers, from town planners to paramedics. We
rely on professionals to be experts and to know what to
do when we need them to.
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Profession- Definition
• A profession is a vocation founded upon
specialized educational training, the purpose of which
is to supply objective counsel and service to others, for
a direct and definite compensation, wholly apart from
expectation of other business gain.
• A profession has been further defined as: "a special
type
of
occupation...(possessing)
corporate
solidarity...prolonged specialized training in a body of
abstract knowledge, and a collectivity or service
orientation...a vocational sub-culture which comprises
implicit codes of behaviour, generates an esprit de
corps among members of the same profession, and
ensures them certain occupational advantages...(also)
bureaucratic structures and monopolistic privileges to
perform certain types of work...professional literature,
legislation, etc."
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Profession
• Medieval and early modern tradition recognised only
three professions: divinity, medicine, and law—the socalled "learned professions".
• Major milestones which may mark an occupation being
identified as a profession include.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
an occupation becomes a full-time occupation
the establishment of a training school
the establishment of a university school
the establishment of a local association
the establishment of a national association
the introduction of codes of professional ethics
the establishment of state licensing laws
Profession
• Formation of a profession
– A profession arises when any trade or occupation
transforms itself through "the development of formal
qualifications based upon education, apprenticeship,
and examinations, the emergence of regulatory
bodies with powers to admit and discipline members,
and some degree of monopoly rights."
• Regulation
– Originally, any regulation of the professions was self-regulation
through bodies such as the College of Physicians or the Inns of
Court. With the growing role of government, statutory bodies
have increasingly taken on this rôle, their members being
appointed either by the profession or (increasingly) by
government
Profession
• Autonomy
– Professions tend to be autonomous, which means they
have a high degree of control of their own
affairs: "professionals are autonomous insofar as they can
make independent judgments about their work". This
usually means "the freedom to exercise their professional
judgement.
– "Professional autonomy is often described as a claim of
professionals that has to serve primarily their own
interests...this professional autonomy can only be
maintained if members of the profession subject their
activities and decisions to a critical evaluation by other
members of the profession.
– The concept of autonomy can therefore be seen to
embrace not only judgement, but also self-interest and a
continuous process of critical evaluation of ethics and
procedures from within the profession itself.
Profession
• Status and prestige
– Professions enjoy a high social status, regard and
esteem conferred upon them by society.
– All professions involve technical, specialised and highly skilled
work often referred to "professional expertise.
• Power
– All professions have power and is used to control its own
members, and also its area of expertise and interests.
– A profession tends to dominate, police and protect its area of
expertise and the conduct of its members, and exercises a
dominating influence over its entire field which means that
professions can act monopolist, rebuffing competition from
ancillary trades and occupations, as well as subordinating and
controlling lesser but related trades.
– A profession is characterized by the power and high prestige it
has in society as a whole
Codes for Professions
Requirements to be a Profession Professional
• Requires extensive skills
• Judgment: decision based on academic/formal training,
gives serous impact to lives of people
• Discretion- in performing one’s duty and keeping
confidentiality of patent…
• …
• Is Carpentry a Profession?
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Codes for Professions
Carpentry
• Require special skills
• But many work can be mechanized
• A little judgment and discretion required
• Training in Carpentry not formal but rather is
practical
So Carpentry doesn’t meet the requirements to be a profession
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Characteristics of a Professions
• Larson says profession and professionals as• "high standards of professional and intellectual excellence,”
• "professions are occupations with special power and
prestige,“
• "an exclusive elite group,“
• Members of a profession have also been defined as
"workers whose qualities of detachment, autonomy,
and group allegiance are more extensive than those
found among other groups...their attributes include a
high degree of systematic knowledge; strong
community orientation and loyalty; self-regulation; and
a system of rewards defined and administered by the
community of workers."
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Characteristics of a Professions
• There is considerable agreement about defining
the characteristic features of a profession, they
have a– professional association,
– cognitive base,
– institutionalized training,
– licensing,
– work autonomy,
– colleague control... (and)
– code of ethics
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Characteristics of a Professions
• providing essential services to the individual and the
society,
• concerned with an identified area of need or function,
• possesses a body of knowledge and a repertoire of
behaviours and skills
• Service in accordance with the most valid knowledge
available
• based on one or more undergirding disciplines from
which it builds its own applied knowledge and skills
• professional associations, which, within broad limits of
social accountability
• agreed-upon performance standards
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Characteristics of a Professions
• provided through a protracted preparation program,
usually in a professional school on a college or university
campus
• high level of public trust and confidence
• characterized by a strong service motivation and lifetime
commitment to competence.
• authority to practice- derives from the client;
accountability for the competence to the profession itself.
• relative freedom from direct on-the-job supervision and
from direct public evaluation of the individual practitioner
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Characteristics of a Professions
• THE FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSION:
• Great responsibility
Professionals deal in matters of vital importance to their clients and are
therefore entrusted with grave responsibilities and obligations.
• Accountability
Professionals hold themselves ultimately accountable for the quality of
their work with the client. The profession may or may not have
mechanisms in place to reinforce and ensure adherence to this principle
among its members. If not, the individual professional will (e.g.
guarantees and/or contractual provisions).
• Based on specialized, theoretical knowledge
Professionals render specialized services based on theory, knowledge,
and skills that are most often peculiar to their profession and generally
beyond the understanding and/or capability of those outside of the
profession.
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Characteristics of a Professions
• THE FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSION:
• Institutional preparation
Professions typically require a significant period of hands-on, practical
experience in the protected company of senior members before aspirants are
recognized as professionals. After this provisional period, ongoing education
toward professional development is compulsory. A profession may or may not
require formal credentials and/or other standards for admission.
• Autonomy
Professionals have control over and, correspondingly, ultimate responsibility for
their own work. Professionals tend to define the terms, processes, and
conditions of work to be performed for clients (either directly or as
preconditions for their ongoing agency employment).
• Clients rather than customers
Members of a profession exercise discrimination in choosing clients rather than
simply accepting any interested party as a customer (as merchants do).
• Direct working relationships
Professionals habitually work directly with their clients rather than through
intermediaries or proxies.
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Characteristics of a Professions
• THE FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSION:
• Ethical constraints
Due to the other characteristics on this list, there is a clear requirement
for ethical constraints in the professions. Professionals are bound to a
code of conduct or ethics specific to the distinct profession (and
sometimes the individual).
• Merit-based
In a profession, members achieve employment and success based on
merit and corresponding voluntary relationships rather than on
corrupted ideals such as social principle, mandated support, or
extortion (e.g. union members are not professionals). Therefore, a
professional is one who must attract clients and profits due to the
merits of his work
• Capitalist morality
The responsibilities inherent to the practice of a profession are
impossible to rationally maintain without a moral foundation that flows
from a recognition of the singular right of the individual to his own life,
along with all of its inherent and potential sovereign value; a concept
that only capitalism recognizes, upholds and protects
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Moral: Definitions
• 1 Moral – Adjective, Morale - Noun
• a : of or relating to principles of right and wrong in
behaviour :ETHICAL <moral judgments>
• b : expressing or teaching a conception of right behaviour <a
moral poem>
• c : conforming to a standard of right behaviour
• d : sanctioned by or operative on one's conscience or ethical
judgment <a moral obligation>
• e : capable of right and wrong action <a moral agent>
• 2: probable though not proved : VIRTUAL <a moral certainty>
• 3: perceptual or psychological rather than tangible or
practical in nature or effect
-Merriam Webster Dictionary
Factors Affecting Moral of a Professional
Morality
• Morality - (Latin moralitas "manner, character, proper
behaviour")
• It is the differentiation of intentions, decisions,
and actions between those that are "good" (or right) and those that
are "bad" (or wrong).
• The philosophy of morality is ethics.
• A moral code is a system of morality (according to a
particular philosophy, religion, culture, etc.) and a moral is any
one practice or teaching within a moral code.
• Morality may also be specifically synonymous with "goodness" or
"rightness.“
• An example of a moral code is the Golden Rule which states that,
"One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself
Morality and ethics
• Ethics (also known as moral philosophy) is that branch
of philosophy which addresses questions about morality.
• The word 'ethics' is "commonly used interchangeably with
'morality‘
• Likewise,
certain
types
of
ethical
theories,
especially deontological ethics, sometimes distinguish between
'ethics' and 'morals':
• "Although the morality of people and their ethics amounts to the
same thing, there is a usage that restricts morality to systems
such as that of Kant, based on notions such as duty, obligation,
and principles of conduct, reserving ethics
• for the more Aristotelian approach to practical reasoning, based
on the notion of a virtue, and generally avoiding the separation
of 'moral' considerations from other practical considerations
Morality and ethics
• "Although Morality and Ethics are often used as
synonyms,
• morals are beliefs based on practices or teachings
regarding how people conduct themselves in
personal relationships and in society,
• while ethics refers to a set or system of principles,
or a philosophy or theory behind them.
• When comparing morality with ethics, the word
ethics is often used to refer to a philosophical
analysis of a particular morality, especially when
the formal definition is applied.
Morality: Descriptive and normative
• In its descriptive sense, "morality" refers to personal or
cultural values, codes of conduct or social mores. It
does not connote objective claims of right or wrong,
but only refers to that which is considered right or
wrong. Descriptive ethics is the branch of philosophy
which studies morality in this sense.
• In its normative sense, "morality" refers to whatever (if
anything) is actually right or wrong, which may be
independent of the values or mores held by any
particular peoples or cultures. Normative ethics is the
branch of philosophy which studies morality in this
sense.
Code of Ethics :Definitions
• A
written
set
of
guidelines
issued
by
an organization to its workers and management to help
them conduct their actions in accordance with
its primary values and ethical standards.
• A guide of principles designed to help professionals conduct
business honestly and with integrity.
• A code of ethics document may outline the mission and
values of the business or organization, how professionals are
supposed to approach problems, the ethical principles based
on the organization's core values and the standards to which
the professional will be held.
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Code of Ethics :Definitions
• A set of principles and rules used by companies, professional
organizations and individuals to govern their decision making in
choosing between right and wrong.
• Depending on the context of a given code of ethics, penalties
and/or sanctions may result from a violation.
• Generally used in the business and professional context to assure
the public that corporations and members of regulated professions
are acting in a socially and professionally acceptable manner.
• Organizations with an established and published code of ethics
have in place review processes and appeals procedures to guard
against malicious or self-serving use of the code for individual
benefit.
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Code of Ethics :Definitions
• Both businesses and trade organizations typically have some
sort of code of ethics that its employees or members are
supposed to follow.
• Breaking the code of ethics can result in termination or
dismissal from the organization. A code of ethics is important
because it clearly lays our the "rules" for behaviour and
provides a pre-emptive warning.
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Code of Ethics
• Codes of Ethic express
– The rights
– Duties
– Obligations of the members of the profession
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How does a code of ethics help achieve goals?
• Help create environment within a profession where
ethical behavior is the norm
• Serves as a guide or reminder of how to act in a
specific situation
• Code provides a backup for an individual who is
being pressured by a superior to behave unethically
• A support for a collective sense of correct behavior
• Code can indicate to others that the profession is
seriously concerned about responsibility,
professional conduct.
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Importance of Codes (refer: Martin, M.W.)
• Serving and Protecting the public:
– Professionals stand in a fiduciary relationship with
the public.
– Code of ethics functions as a commitment by the
profession as a whole that engineers will serve
the public health, safety and welfare.
• Guidance:
– Codes provide general guidance on the main
obligation of engineers.
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Importance of Codes (contd.)
• Inspiration:
– Code expresses collective commitment to ethics
– Positive motivation for ethical conduct
• Shared standards:
– Profession establishes explicit standards
– Public is assured of a minimum standard of
excellence on which it can depend engineers.
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Importance of Codes (contd.)
• Support for responsible professionals:
– Positive support to professionals to act ethically
– Can serve as legal support for engineers for
professional obligations
• Education and mutual understanding:
– Widely circulated and officially approved by
professional societies
– Codes can be used in the classroom to discuss and
reflect moral issue
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Importance of Codes (contd.)
• Discipline:
– Formal basis for investigating unethical conduct
– Some professional societies do suspend or expel
members whose professional conduct has been
proven unethical
• Contributing to the professional’s image
– Codes can present a positive image to the public
– Can help engineers more effectively serve the
public where the image is warranted
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What a code of ethic is not?
• Is not a recipe for ethical behavior; it is only a
framework for arriving at good ethical choice
• Is never a substitute for sound judgment
• Is not a legal document?????
• Code of ethics doesn’t create new moral or
ethical principles. These principles are well
established in the society, and foundations of
such go many centuries back.
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Code of Ethics of Engineers
• Engineers have obligations to the public, their clients, employers
and the profession.
• Many engineering societies have established codes of practice
and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at
large.
• Each engineering discipline and professional society maintains a
code of ethics, which the members pledge to uphold. Depending
on their specializations, engineers may also be governed by
specific statute, whistle blowing, product liability laws, and often
the principles of business ethics.
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Codes for Individuals
• Individual codes of ethics are most commonly seen as part of the
tenets of a religion but can also be considered to be those
unwritten rules of behavior instilled in an individual by their
upbringing and environment.
• Society at large assumes that certain ethical behaviors are defined
regardless of religion, geographic location or nationality.
• Examples of societal ethical behavior can include such things as:
– Respect for another’s property
– Refraining from violence against another
– Treating others with civility
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Codes for Professions
What is Profession?
• Work that requires sophisticated skills, the use of
judgment and the exercise of discretion. Not routine and
is not capable of being mechanized.
• Membership in the profession requires extensive formal
education, not simply practical training
• To set standards for admission to the profession, to set
standards of conduct for members and to enforce
• Significant public good results from the practice of the
profession (Martin and Schinzinger 2000)
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Engineering as a Profession
• An engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering,
concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics,
and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical problems.
• Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while
considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation,
safety, and cost. The word engineer is derived from
the Latin roots ingeniare ("to contrive, devise")
and ingenium ("cleverness").
• Engineers are grounded in applied sciences, and their work
in research and development is distinct from the basic
research focus of scientists.The work of engineers forms the
link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent
applications to human needs and quality of life
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Codes for Professions
Lawyers
• An excellent example of a code of ethics relating to a profession
is the American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional
Conduct:
• The first rule in the American Bar Association's Code of ethics
addresses attorney competence. Called Rule 1.1, this rule reads:
• A lawyer shall provide competent representation to a client.
Competent representation requires the legal knowledge, skill,
thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the
representation.
• This code of ethics provides guidance for lawyers on matters
ranging from client confidentiality to partnerships to treatment
of witnesses inside and outside the courtroom.
• Also for paralegals
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Codes for Professions
Physicians
• The American Medical Association also imposes a Code of Ethics
on physicians. This code of ethics addresses everything from
interpersonal relationships with other staff members such as
nurses, to information on patient care.
• Different opinions within the AMA's code address different
issues. For instance, opinion 8.021:
• Ethical obligations of medical directors, specifies that :(1) Placing
the interests of patients above other considerations, such as
personal interests (eg, financial incentives) or employer business
interests (eg, profit). This entails applying the plan parameters to
each patient equally and engaging in neither discrimination nor
favoritism, is part of adherence to professional medical
standards.
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Codes for Corporations and Non-Profit
Organizations
• Corporations and non-profits have codes of ethics to assist
workers in determining if certain behaviors are appropriate and
acceptable in their dealings with clients and outside agencies.
– Examples of governed behaviors include:
– Giving or accepting of gifts or services between an employee and a
client or official
– Making promises regarding company performance and
responsibilities
– Profiting from, or enabling others to profit from, inside information
regarding company performance, financial stability or internal
problems
– Many organizations require employees to attend yearly training on
ethics and responsibilities and in some cases, to sign statements
promising to adhere to all company ethics guidelines.
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Code of Ethics of Engineers
Engineering education
• Involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty,
e.g. both mathematics and the physical and life sciences.
• Many programs also include courses in general engineering
and applied accounting.
• A design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or
laboratory class or both, is part of the curriculum of most
programs.
• Often, general courses not directly related to engineering, such
as those in the social sciences or humanities, also are required.
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Code of Ethics of Engineers
Engineering education
• Accreditation (evaluated by an external body to determine if
applicable standards are met).
• The Washington Accord serves as an international accreditation
agreement for academic engineering degrees, recognizing the
substantial equivalency in the standards set by many major
national engineering bodies.
• In the United States, post-secondary degree programs in
engineering are accredited by the Accreditation Board for
Engineering and Technology.
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Code of Ethics of Engineers
Regulation and licensure in engineering
• In many countries, engineering tasks such as the design of
bridges, electric power plants, industrial equipment, machine
design and chemical plants, must be approved by a licensed
professional engineer.
• Most commonly titled Professional Engineer is a license to
practice and is indicated with the use of post-nominal letters; PE
or P.Eng. These are common in North America, European
Engineer (Eur Ing) in Europe.
• US- licensure is generally attainable through combination
of education, pre-examination (Fundamentals of Engineering
exam), examination (Professional Engineering Exam),]and
engineering experience (typically in the area of 5+ years). Each
state tests and licenses Professional Engineers.
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Code of Ethics of Engineers
Regulation and licensure in engineering
• Canada- the profession in each province is governed by its own
engineering association.
• in the Province of British Columbia an engineering graduate with
four or more years of post graduate experience in an engineeringrelated field and passing exams in ethics and law will need to be
registered by the Association for Professional Engineers and
Geoscientists (APEGBC) in order to become a Professional
Engineer and be granted the professional designation of P.Eng
allowing one to practice engineering.
• In Continental Europe, Latin America, Turkey and elsewhere the
title is limited by law to people with an engineering degree and
the use of the title by others is illegal.
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Code of Ethics of Engineers
Regulation and licensure in engineering
• Italy- the title is limited to people who both hold an engineering
degree and have passed a professional qualification examination
(Esame di Stato).
• Portugal- professional engineer titles and accredited engineering
degrees are regulated and certified by the Ordem dos
Engenheiros.
• Czech Republic- the title "engineer" (Ing.) is given to people
with a (masters) degree in chemistry, technology or economics
for historical and traditional reasons.
• In Greece, the academic title of "Diploma Engineer" is awarded
after completion of the five-year engineering study course and
the title of "Certified Engineer" is awarded after completion of
the four-year course of engineering studies at a Technological
Educational Institute (TEI).
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Code of Ethics of Engineers
Regulation and licensure in engineering
• The practice of engineering in the UK is not a regulated
profession but the control of the titles of Chartered Engineer
(CEng) and Incorporated Engineer (IEng) is regulated.
• These titles are protected by law and are subject to strict
requirements defined by the Engineering Council UK. The title
CEng is in use in much of the Commonwealth.
• Many semi skilled trades and engineering technicians in the UK
also call themselves engineers. This is seen by some as a misuse
of the title, giving a false image of the profession.
• A growing movement in the UK is to legally protect the title
'Engineer' so that only professional engineers can use it; a Direct
Gov petition has been started to further this cause.
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Code of Ethics of Engineers
Regulation and licensure in engineering
• In Nepal??
• American, UK or other European system???
• 4 yrs study after higher secondary or certificate level.
• No Professional Examination, but registration in Engineering
Council
• Many Engineering Colleges are having poor physical and
academic environment
• ……
• 24 Gha Provision
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Licensure Model and
Code of Ethics
Engineering Licensure Model National
Society of Professional Engineers(NSPE)
• Step 1: Become an Engineer Intern
• Step 2: Gain professional experience
• Step 3: Prepare for and take the PE exam
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Engineering Licensure Model (NSPE)
• Step 1: Become an Engineer Intern (the first step –
toward full PE licensure)
– Graduate from an engineering program
approved by your state's licensure board
– Successful in completing the Fundamentals
of Engineering (FE) exam
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Engineering Licensure Model (NSPE)
• Step 2: Gain professional experience
– All states require that candidates complete
four years of qualifying engineering
experience, typically under the supervision
of a professional engineer.
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Engineering Licensure Model (NSPE)
• Step 3: Prepare for and take the PE exam
– the final step in attaining licensure is
successfully completing the Principles and
Practice of Engineering (PE) exam.
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Licensure Model
Complete accredited BS Degree
Complete FE Exam
Become EI
Gain 4 Years of Experience
Take the PE Exam
Become PE
Continue professional Competency
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Code of Ethics of Engineers
• ASME requires ethical practice by each of its members and
has adopted the following Code of Ethics of Engineers as
referenced in the ASME Constitution, Article C2.1.1.
• The Fundamental Principles
• Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity
of the engineering profession by:
• Using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human
welfare;
• Being honest and impartial, and serving with fidelity the
public, their employers and clients; and
• Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the
engineering profession.
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Code of Conduct
The Fundamental Canons
• Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the
public in the performance of their professional duties.
• Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.
• Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout
their careers and shall provide opportunities for the professional and
ethical development of those engineers under their supervision.
• Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client
as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest or the
appearance of conflicts of interest.
• Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their
services and shall not compete unfairly with others.
• Engineers shall associate only with reputable persons or organizations.
• Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful
manner.
• Engineers shall consider environmental impact in the performance of
their professional duties.
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Nepal Engineering Council
Professional Code of Conduct
Professional Code of Conduct
1. Discipline and Honesty :
The Engineering service/profession must be
conducted in a disciplined manner with
honesty, not contravening professional
dignity and well-being
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Professional Code of Conduct
2. Politeness and Confidentiality:
Engineering services for customers should be
dealt with in a polite manner and professional
information should remain confidential except
with written or verbal consent of the
customers concerned. This, however, is not
deemed to be a restriction to provide such
information to the concerned authority as per
the existing laws.
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Professional Code of Conduct
3. Non-discrimination :
No discrimination should be made against
customers on the grounds of religion, race,
sex, caste or any other things while applying
professional knowledge and skills.
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Professional Code of Conduct
4. Professional Work:
Individuals should only do professional work
in their field or provide recommendations or
suggestions only within the area of their
subject of study or obtained knowledge or
skills. With regard to the works not falling
within the subject of one's profession, such
works should be recommended to be done by
an expert of that subject matter.
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Professional Code of Conduct
5. Deeds which may cause harm to the
engineering profession :
With the exception of salary, allowance and
benefits to be received for services provided,
one shall not obtain improper financial gain of
any kind or conduct improper activities of any
kind, which would impair the engineering
profession.
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Professional Code of Conduct
6. Personal responsibility:
All individuals will be personally responsible
for all works performed in connection with
his/her engineering profession.
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Professional Code of Conduct
7. State name, designation and registration no:
While signing the documents or descriptions
such as the design, map, specifications and
estimates etc, relating to the engineering
profession, the details should include, the
name, designation and NEC registration No.
and should be stated in a clear and
comprehensible manner.
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Professional Code of Conduct
8. No publicity or advertisement must be made
which may cause unnecessary effect:
In connection with the professional activities
to be carried out, no publicity or
advertisement shall be made so as to cause
unnecessary effect upon the customers.
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Assignment-2
• In your opinion, What revisions are essential in
the current Nepal Engineering Council Act/
Regulation to make the Nepali Engineers more
competent and engineering profession more
respectful.
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THANK YOU
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