Transcript 4 - faculty.georgebrown.ca

PowerPoint Slide Set, Version 1.0
by April O’Connell and Lois-Ann Kuntz
for
CHOICE AND CHANGE
The Psychology of Personal Growth
and
Interpersonal Relationships, 7th ed.
by
April O’Connell, Vincent O’Connell, and Lois-Ann Kuntz
Chapter 4 PARENTING BABIES & YOUNG CHILDREN
ISBN:
0131891707
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CHAPTER 4 PARENTING BABIES AND YOUNG CHILDREN:
From Conception to Preschool
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Recognize the evidence for both sides of the nature-nurture
controversy
2. Identify the penetrance factors that affect the child-in-the-womb
3. Relate gentle birthing and strong mother-baby bonding
to social/emotional development
4. Describe healthy nurturing of the infant
5. Describe freeplay and cooperative play
for positive parenting
6. Describe children’s literature as
moral/ethical instruction
7. Relate art play to preparation for school
8. Recognize three types of parenting and later
adjustment to school
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NATURE AND NURTURE
The child’s personality is determined by:
• Both genetics and environment (nature/nurture controversy).
•
•
Genetic studies: concordance rate of relatives, adoption
and twin studies: 50% to 75% of personality traits
Environmental factors include
– Contagious diseases
– Penetrance factors including nicotine, alcohol, infectious diseases, overthe counter medications, prescription drugs, and toxic ingredients in our
environment
•
•
•
– Unwanted children have lower self-esteem, poorer school achievement,
and poorer interpersonal relationships
Birthing procedures
Maternal Stress
Parenting of the child
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HEALTHY NURTURING OF THE INFANT
Welcoming the “new immigrant” to our world includes:
Holding and comforting infants when they cry, especially the first six
months
– It is not spoiling them. They actually cry less than infants not so
comforted
• Good nurturing of the infant through the language of the five senses
– Using the sense of touch when holding the child, bathing the child,
changing the baby’s diapers, and rocking the child
– Using the visual and taste senses while nursing
– Using the visual sense when playing games with
the child, such as “peek-a-boo”
– Using the hearing sense while singing lullabies,
using “motherese” language or simply
talking out loud while doing chores
• Most important: Just have fun with your Baby!
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PLAY AS THE SERIOUS BUSINESS OF CHILDHOOD
▪
Play is not just “children having fun” but valuable for:
–
–
–
–
Developing physical dexterity and balance
Fostering Erikson’s Stage 2 life task of “initiative”
Enhancing perceptual skills
Catharsizing anxieties and concerns,
some of which they cannot verbalize
– Learning to obey simple rules
– Moral/ethical standards by cooperating with others
▪ There are many types of play including:
Free out-of-doors play Rough-and-tumble play
Indoor “quiet” play with toys
Free art play which fosters reading readiness
for school and creative imagination
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THE VALUE OF CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
Reading to children fosters cognitive and emotional growth:
• Fairytales represent the child’s family
–
–
–
–
The child is the prince or princess
The king is the child’s father
The good queen is the child’s mother
The wicked stepmother is mother when she
disciplines the child or does not give in to the
child’s demands
• It is moral/ethical instruction in a language the child can understand
– The good win out in the end and the wicked are punished.
– It gives the child hope that the “Beast Within” (which Freud called the Id)
would be vanquished (socialized)
• It is excellent preparation for school
– It leads to better academic skills in the primary grades
– Children learn to like the stories books provide
– Some children even learn to read before they enter school
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THE FAIRYTALE WORLD OF CHILDREN
The Story of Cinderella
Children divide mothers into
“Good Mommie” who is nice
and gives them whatever they
want, and “Evil Stepmother”
who disciplines or does not
give into their demands. If the
child has older sisters, they
become the stepsisters who
get to do things (like go to the
ball) which she is not allowed
allowed to do.
Her father is the “Good King”
who doesn’t know how cruelly
she is being treated. “Good
Mommie” died when she
was born and lives in Heaven.
Alas! Now she has no one to
look out for her.
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THREE PARENTING STYLES and ADJUSTMENT TO SCHOOL
Baumrind and her research team categorized parenting styles as:
•
•
•
Authoritarian: The traditional style of parenting based on authority and power
• Positive parenting for the pre-school child
Permissive:
Adapted
from
counseling style
and based on the child’s
- Free play
and
cooperative
play;
self-discovery
of the world
- Art play
as therapeutic
for children’s concerns
and anxieties
Authoritative: Adapted from learning models and based on role modeling and
- Children’s
literature
as moral/ethical
.
reinforcing
(rewarding)
desirable behaviorinstruction in
a language the
What the research team
,
child canFindings:
understand;
discovered was that there were
• Three types of parenting and adjustment to school;
.
distinct differences in the children’s
• The advantage
of psychological androgyny;
later adjustment to school.
• Establishing simple rules for indoors and outdoors.
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AUTHORITARIAN PARENTING & ADJUSTMENT TO SCHOOL
Authoritarian style: Traditional style of parenting based on authority and power
•
Adults believe “Parents know best” and should direct their children's’ lives
••
Adults provide
children with
rules
howpre-school
to behave
Positive
parenting
for
the
child
•
If the rules are not obeyed, punishment follows (although not
- Free play and cooperative play;
necessarily physical punishment)
- Art play as therapeutic for children’s concerns
•
The research team called this parenting style an “adult-centered” home
and anxieties
- Children’s
literature as moral/ethical instruction in
Adaptation
to school
•
Children
adapted to the
school rules very quickly since
a language
they were used to rules
child can understand;
•
Children were aggressive with other children and
• Three
avoided types
teacher of parenting and adjustment to school;
•• The
Children
had difficultyof
in working
cooperatively androgyny;
with
advantage
psychological
other children both on the playground and in class
•• Establishing
simple rules for indoors and outdoors.
If treated kindly, however, most of these children
learned to work and play less aggressively
and more cooperatively
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PERMISSIVE PARENTING & ADJUSTMENT TO SCHOOL
Permissive style: Adapted from the counseling approach
• Adapted from counseling style, parents want the children to discover the
world for themselves
• The parents believe that in this way, the children will get in touch with their
centers-of-growth, and be more perceptive and creative
• The children are allowed to direct their own lives, such as when they
go to bed
• The research team called this style of parenting, a “child-centered” home
Adaptation to School:
• These children seemed lost in their new environment.
• They had difficulty sharing attention with 20 to 30
other children.
• They were less able to play cooperatively
and do independent seat work. They
needed much individual attention
from their teacher
• Of all three groups, they had the
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poorest adaptation to the new school environment
AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING & ADJUSTMENT TO SCHOOL
Authoritative style: Adapted from psychological learning models
•
The parents reward the desirable behavior through positive comments, smiles, and
other secondary reinforcers
• Positive parenting for the pre-school child
• Parents let their children know they appreciate good behavior and kindness to
others
- Free play and cooperative play;
• Instead of rules and regulations, parents use themselves as role models
- Art play as therapeutic for children’s concerns
• If the child continues to misbehavior, the parent removes the object that the child is
and anxieties
misusing or removes the child from reinforcing environment until the undesirable
- Children’s literature as moral/ethical instruction in
behavior is extinguished
a language the
• The research team called it a “family-centered” home
child can understand;
Adaptation to School:
Threefrom
types
of parenting and adjustment to school;
.• Children
these homes related well to both
• adults
The and
advantage
of psychological androgyny;
other children
• They focused their attention on their independent
• Establishing simple rules for indoors and outdoors.
•
•
seat work and worked cooperatively in groups
Because they felt at home in the classroom,
they enjoyed learning and earned higher grades
All in all, they had the best adaptation to school
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SO WHAT IS THE RIGHT WAY TO RAISE CHILDREN?
No hard and fast rules but here are some tips and guidelines:
•
Remember each child is a different individual
– You don’t have to treat them equally—treat them according to their needs
– Good parenting means being firm but avoid physical punishments
whenever possible
– There will be times when all three parenting styles may be used
•
Allow psychological androgyny
– Don’t insist on specific gender roles
Boys do only this and girls do only that!
– Children who are allowed to investigate all
interests develop higher intelligence
•
Do teach a few indoor and out-of-door rules
–
–
–
–
Keep the rules simple enough to be followed
Complying with house rules makes school easier
Make visiting the children’s library a weekly event
If you make a mistake (accuse child unjustly),
just apologize, children are wonderfully forgiving.
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