Transcript mRT - Beyond Research

How
does
moral
thinking
develop?
Beyond Social Services
Potsdam University of Applied Sciences ©
JOHN : Dad, can you write in the dark?
FATHER : I think so. What do you want me to
write?
JOHN : Your name on this report card.
TEACHER : John, your composition on "My
Dog" is exactly the same as your brother's.
Did you copy his?
JOHN : No, teacher, it's the same dog!
Lawrence Kohlberg: “How does
moral reasoning develop?”
3 explanations:
1. Traditional: copying
2. Psychoanalytic: guilt
3. Kohlberg’s:
we learn moral reasoning
like maths.
Moral reasoning needs
the ability…
…to anticipate
consequences
&
…to apply and
generalize rules
What is a moral decision?
A decision valid in different
(all) contexts
A logical consistent decision
A decision supported by
comprehensive moral
philosophy
Stage 5: Social contract orientation (human rights):
"Which democratic processes are needed for a good society?"
Level:
PostConventional
Kohlberg’s developmental stages
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles:
“Which are principles to achieve justice and guarantee dignity?”
Stage 4: Law & Order Orientation:
“People must follow the rules!”
Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity:
The good boy / good girl attitude
Level:
Conventional
Stage 2: Self-interest orientation:
"What's in it for me?"
Stage 1: Obedience and Avoidance of punishment:
"Will I get into trouble?"
Stage 0: Egocentric reasoning:
"I should get my own way!"
Level:
Pre-Conventional
Exercise on the
Heinz Scenario
1 Voluntering student
1 interviewing student
1 observing student
1 observing Tutor
The Heinz dilemma
Stage one (obedience):
Stage two (self-interest):
Stage three (conformity):
Stage four (law-and-order):
Stage five (human rights/
social contract):
Stage six (universal human
ethics):
6. Heinz should steal the medicine, because
saving a human life is a more fundamental
value than the property rights of another
person. Or: Heinz should not steal the
medicine, because that violates the golden
rule of honesty and respect.
5. Heinz should steal the medicine, because
everyone has a right to live, regardless of the
law. Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine,
because the scientist has a right to fair
compensation.
4. Heinz should not steal the medicine, because
the law prohibits stealing.
3. Heinz should steal the medicine, because his
wife expects it.
2. Heinz should steal the medicine, because he
will be much happier if he saves his wife, even
if he will have to serve a prison sentence.
1. Heinz should not steal the medicine, because
he will consequently be put in prison.
Stage one (obedience):
Stage two (self-interest):
Stage three (conformity):
Stage four (law-and-order):
Stage 4 ½
Stage five (human rights/
social contract):
Stage six (universal
human ethics):
Sharon and Uli: Scenario to exercise the
Scenario
assessment
of the stage of Moral Reasoning
Sharon and her best friend Uli went shopping in a nearby department store. Sharon
looks at various things and Uli saw a blouse, which she liked very much. She says to
Sharon, that she wants to try it on. Meanwhile Sharon looks at other things. Uli
comes out of the bathing-cabin. She is wearing her coat. She gives a look at Sharon
and then quickly looks down at the blouse she is wearing under her coat. Without a
word she turns around and leaves the shop. Some minutes later the shop detective,
a shop-assistant and the store manager approach Sharon. Sharon allows the
manager to search her bag. When he notices, that the blouse is not in the
possession of Sharon, he insists on her telling the name of her friend. The manager
explains to her: .I can’t let shop lifters go. If you don’t give us the name, you will be
punished for participation in a criminal act.
What will Sharon do?
1. Invent for each stage of moral development 6 possible courses of her action.
2. Write for each stage 1 significant sentences Sharon may say on a piece of
paper. Use felt pens.
3. Do write the number of the stage with a pencil on the backside of the paper
not on the front.
m
MRT:
RT: Moral Reasoning Training
Goldstein, Glick, Gibbs
The goal is to help the
group arrive at a more
mature moral reasoning
level
Typical moral reasoning distortions
1.Self-centeredness
2.Assuming the worst
3.Blaming others
4.Normalizing / mislabelling
mRT:
The process
of MRT
0 Preparation
1 Rules
2 Problem situation
3 Questionnaires
4 Cultivate mature
morality
5 Remediate moral
developmental delay
6 Consolidate
mature morality
mRT:
The process
of MRT
0 Preparation
1 Rules
2 Problem situation
3 Questionnaires
4 Cultivate mature
morality
5 Remediate moral
developmental delay
6 Consolidate
mature morality
mRT:
The process
of MRT
mRT:
0 Preparation
1 Rules
2 Problem situation
Never put down or threaten anyone.
3 Questionnaire
Listen to what others have to say.
4 Cultivate mature
morality
If you criticize another group member,
give that person a chance to answer.
5 Remediate moral
developmental delay
6 Consolidate
mature morality
Stay on the subject when you disagree.
Never talk to anyone outside the group
about what is said in the group.
The process
of MRT
0 Preparation
1 Rules
2 Problem situation
3 Questionnaire
4 Cultivate mature
morality
5 Remediate moral
developmental delay
6 Consolidate
mature morality
Who can tell what Jerry’s problem is?
Why is this a problem?
Do problems like this happen?
mRT:
Who has been in a situation like this? Can you tell
the group about it?
The process
of MRT
0 Preparation
1 Rules
2 Problem situation
3 Questionnaire
4 Cultivate mature
morality
5 Remediate moral
developmental delay
6 Consolidate
mature morality
mRT:
mRT:
The process
of MRT
0 Preparation
1 Rules
2 Problem situation
3 Questionnaire
4 Cultivate mature
morality
5 Remediate moral
developmental delay
6 Consolidate
mature morality
Highlight mature morality
by asking group members who indicated
positive decisions about the reasons for
those decisions
Write those reasons on a board for the group
to consider.
mRT:
The process
of MRT
0 Preparation
1 Rules
Ask group members who indicated negative
decisions about their reasons
Write down reasons
2 Problem situation
3 Questionnaire
4 Cultivate mature
morality
5 Remediate moral
developmental delay
6 Consolidate
mature morality
Ask group members who indicated positive
decisions whether these reasons make them reconsider their decision. Why not?
Let the moral disequilibration and group
dynamics work.
Give group members with negative decisions a
good way of changing their decision and
reinforce the change with positive comments.
The process
of MRT
Ask the group about the groups ”official”
decision.
0 Preparation
Ask whether there are any objections to the
groups ”official” decision.
1 Rules
If none: Circle the answer on the bottom row red.
2 Problem situation
3 Questionnaire
4 Cultivate mature
morality
5 Remediate moral
developmental delay
6 Consolidate
mature morality
If yes: Put a red question mark beside the
answer on the bottom row. It stays the majority
decision.
Let the moral disequilibration work. frustration
from a deadlock stimulates moral development
Exercise:
Jim‘s Problem